scholarly journals Matching-To-Sample and Respondent-Type Training as Methods for Producing Equivalence Relations: Isolating The Critical Variable

2001 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine Leader ◽  
Dermot Barnes-Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Critical Variable

scholarly journals Sign-reference equivalence research methods in humans and animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-105
Author(s):  
M.V. Samuleeva ◽  
A.A. Smirnova ◽  
Z.A. Zorina
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Stimulus Equivalence ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Crucial Property

Human language based on symbolization or sign-referent equivalence relations. The paper focuses on methods of studying the process of developing of sign-referent equivalence. Subject is trained in Matching-To-Sample task: for example, reinforcing of stimulus B if the sample was A, and stimulus D if the sample was C. Following test allows to reveal if new relations (for example, symmetry, if subject chooses stimulus A if the sample was B) appeared spontaneously. Human subjects usually pass this test successfully. This result may be explained by repeated demonstration of sign-referent symmetry during language learning and using. Our paper is dedicated to methods features which can be used to study sign-reference developing in human and animals. We discuss factors that leads to appearance of this crucial property of stimulus equivalence.

scholarly journals Emergence of reflexivity relation without identity matching-to-sample training in hooded crows (Corvus cornix)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Samuleeva ◽  
Anna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Symmetry Relation ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Symmetry Test ◽  
Corvus Cornix ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hooded Crows ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

The ability to form equivalent relations between sign and referent—symbolization—is one of the important cognitive components of language. Equivalent relations have the properties of symmetry (if A→B then B→A), reflexivity (A→A, B→B), and transitivity (if A→B and B→C, then A→C). The current study evaluates whether reflexivity can be spontaneously revealed in hooded crows (Corvus cornix) without training after the formation of the symmetry relation. These birds were previously taught an arbitrary matching-to-sample task with the letters “S” and “V” as samples, and sets of images (same-sized and different-sized figures) as comparisons. Positive results in the transfer tests showed that the crows associated letters with the concepts of sameness/difference. After that, they successfully passed the symmetry test, in which samples and comparisons were switched around. In the present experiment we found out that the crows passed the reflexivity test (A→A, B→B) without identity training. We hypothesize that if the subject associates the sample not with certain stimuli but rather with concepts, it facilitates the formation of equivalence relations between them.

Matching-to-sample procedures and the development of equivalence relations: The role of naming

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Sidman ◽  
Martha Willson-Morris ◽  
Barbara Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations

Emergent matching to sample and equivalence relations

2001 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harrie Boelens
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations

Configural Learning Enhances Concept Learning in Matching-to-Sample

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Wright ◽  
Jeffrey S. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Concept Learning ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Configural Learning

Identity and Category Matching-To-Sample in Pigeons

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Wasserman ◽  
Leyre Castro ◽  
Joe K. Lancaster
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample

Knowing what to ask for: Monkeys seek information before matching-to-sample

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Beran ◽  
J. David Smith
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample

Cooperative Matching-to-Sample by Bottlenose Dolphins

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne M. Cardwell ◽  
Heidi E. Harley
Keyword(s):  
Bottlenose Dolphins ◽  
Matching To Sample
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