scholarly journals Emergence of reflexivity relation without identity matching-to-sample training in hooded crows (Corvus cornix)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Samuleeva ◽  
Anna Smirnova
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Symmetry Relation ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Symmetry Test ◽  
Corvus Cornix ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Hooded Crows ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

The ability to form equivalent relations between sign and referent—symbolization—is one of the important cognitive components of language. Equivalent relations have the properties of symmetry (if A→B then B→A), reflexivity (A→A, B→B), and transitivity (if A→B and B→C, then A→C). The current study evaluates whether reflexivity can be spontaneously revealed in hooded crows (Corvus cornix) without training after the formation of the symmetry relation. These birds were previously taught an arbitrary matching-to-sample task with the letters “S” and “V” as samples, and sets of images (same-sized and different-sized figures) as comparisons. Positive results in the transfer tests showed that the crows associated letters with the concepts of sameness/difference. After that, they successfully passed the symmetry test, in which samples and comparisons were switched around. In the present experiment we found out that the crows passed the reflexivity test (A→A, B→B) without identity training. We hypothesize that if the subject associates the sample not with certain stimuli but rather with concepts, it facilitates the formation of equivalence relations between them.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS AND SIMPLE HERPES

1927 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The State ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Epidemic Encephalitis ◽  
Direct Corollary ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

The purpose of this paper is to explain the state of our knowledge of the etiology of epidemic encephalitis, and especially to draw a line of demarcation between the established virus of simple herpes and the hypothetical virus of epidemic encephalitis. It had already been shown that the experimental observations on rabbits do no suffice to prove the identity of the herpes with the encephalitis virus. The discussion of the subject in this paper shows that identity cannot be postulated on the basis of the performed guinea pig experiments. Attention has been drawn to the significant fact that there is lack of harmony in the positive results of those investigators who believe that the incitants of epidemic encephalitis have been discovered. An attempt has been made to attribute some of the discrepancies reported by these investigators either to accidental and contaminating microbic agents, or to the uncovering of virulent agents preexisting in a latent state in the animals employed for inoculation, the existence of which was not previously known or suspected. Since past experience leads us to believe in a single incitant for widespread epidemic diseases, it is probable that, when certainly discovered, the microbe of epidemic encephalitis will prove to be simple and not multiple. The direct corollary to this point of view is that up to the present, the etiology of epidemic encephalitis has not been determined.

Evaluating the Capability of Mirror Self-Recognition in Hooded Crows (Corvus cornix)

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 836-843
Author(s):  
A. A. Smirnova ◽  
Yu. A. Kalashnikova ◽  
M. V. Samuleeva ◽  
Z. A. Zorina
Keyword(s):  
Self Recognition ◽  
Corvus Cornix ◽  
Hooded Crows

Automated Training for a “Matching-To-Sample” Task in Aphasia

1965 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan E. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Visual Discrimination ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Differential Responses ◽  
Colored Lights

This study investigated the differential responses of more than 100 aphasics to a “primer” program of automatic training. The subjects were exposed to random shapes on a screen, and responded by pushing buttons to match stimuli. If the response was correct, colored lights were flashed or door chimes sounded. If the response was incorrect, darkness followed. If no errors were made on certain defined trials, the program advanced the subject to jump-ahead tests, or retreated to fall-back tests if errors occurred. Therefore, it seems possible to teach severe aphasics any program which can utilize visual discrimination.

scholarly journals XXXI.—On the Limits of our Knowledge respecting the Theory of Parallels

1864 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-450
Author(s):  
Kelland
Keyword(s):  
Human Mind ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Very Old ◽  
Metaphysical Problem ◽  
Pure Logic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Negative Conclusion ◽  
Positive Results

The subject of this paper is a very old one, and may to many appear to be sufficiently worn; but I venture to hope, that there are some to whom a glimpse of the successive approaches of the human mind towards the right understanding of a question of pure logic, may have an interest,—even although the problem solved be an abstract one, and the conclusion a negative conclusion, having little practical application. Like the kindred problem of the quadrature of the circle, or the metaphysical problem of “Knowing and Being,” the theory of parallels has been attacked in various directions, and although it is true that no one ever reached the goal he aimed at, yet it is not the less certain that great and positive results have followed in the history of human attainment. If no other lesson has been learnt, this at least may have been: that in reasoning it is necessary to look warily around and abroad at every step, seeing that admissions, the most obviously inadmissible, or evasions the most palpable, have foiled generations of thinkers, whilst those who have detected their errors have fallen into others of an equally destructive character.

scholarly journals CONTROL OF ADOLESCENTS' ARBITRARY MATCHING-TO-SAMPLE BY POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE STIMULUS RELATIONS

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stromer ◽  
J. Grayson Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Negative Stimulus ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Stimulus Relations ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

scholarly journals Bilateral ultrasound transversus abdominis plane block in a patient affected from Menkes disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Galante ◽  
Marco Caruselli ◽  
Francesco Dones ◽  
Salvatore Meola ◽  
Gianluca Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Anaesthetic Techniques ◽  
Menkes Disease ◽  
Transversus Abdominis ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Tap Block ◽  
Transversus Abdominis Plane ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Results

This case report demonstrates the utility and safety of ultrasound transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block in a paediatric patient suffering from Menkes disease. Anaesthetists, and particularly paediatric and neonatal anaesthetists, have to make a careful assessment of these patients, who are subjected to frequent surgeries, despite their tender years. These operations are often necessary in order to improve the patient’s quality of life as much as possible. The choice of anaesthetic technique must take the particular nature of the disease and the patient’s medical history into consideration, while careful preparation and preoperative evaluations make it possible to administer the general or local anaesthetic safely. Official literature on the subject does not provide sufficient information about the use of local anaesthetic techniques. Moreover, the use of ultrasound TAP block in patients affected by Menkes disease has never been published in literature. In our experience, ultrasound TAP block has provided positive results, although the rarity of this childhood disease makes a detailed study difficult.

scholarly journals Matching-To-Sample and Respondent-Type Training as Methods for Producing Equivalence Relations: Isolating The Critical Variable

2001 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geraldine Leader ◽  
Dermot Barnes-Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Equivalence Relations ◽  
Critical Variable

scholarly journals X.—An Investigation into the Structure of the Torbanehill Mineral, and of various kinds of Coal

1857 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hughes Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Careful Examination ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Results

The investigation of which I am now about to give an account, was undertaken with the view of determining whether the structure of the Torbanehill mineral was similar to or unlike that of coal. I was aware that the subject would be brought before a court of law, and that many scientific persons of great eminence had already spent much time in the inquiry. With the understanding, therefore, that my evidence, should it be required, was to be limited to the structure of coal and of the mineral in question, I gave directions to Mr Bryson, the optician, of this city, to make thin sections of attested specimens of various coals and of the mineral, conceiving that a careful examination of them would easily determine the point. It was soon apparent, however, that a far more extended series of researches was necessary than I at first anticipated; but as it was also evident, from the marked structural differences which were observed in the sections, that the investigation would not be destitute of positive results, I determined on pursuing it to a conclusion.

scholarly journals Assessing Symmetry by Comparing the Acquisition of Symmetric and Nonsymmetric Conditional Relations in a Capuchin Monkey

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo S. D. Soares Filho ◽  
Álvaro J. M. Silva ◽  
Saulo M Velasco ◽  
Romariz S Barros ◽  
Gerson Yukio Tomanari
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Equivalence Class ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Capuchin Monkey ◽  
Matching To Sample ◽  
Conditional Discriminations ◽  
Symmetry Phase ◽  
Conditional Relations ◽  
Equivalence Class Formation ◽  
Arbitrary Matching

The present study presents a procedure to assess the property of symmetry by comparing the acquisition of conditional relations that are consistent and inconsistent with this property in a capuchin monkey (Sapajus spp.). One young male monkey underwent arbitrary matching-to-sample training. The experiment had four phases: Phase 1.1 (establishing A1B1 and A2B2 relations), Phase 1.2 (reinforcing B1A1 and B2A2 relations, consistent with the property of symmetry), Phase 2.1 (establishing A3B3 and A4B4 relations), and Phase 2.2 (reinforcing B3A4 and B4A3 relations, inconsistent with the property of symmetry). A comparison between Phase 1.2 (consistent) and Phase 2.2 (inconsistent) showed faster acquisition of consistent relations (B1A1 and B2A2) than inconsistent relations (B3A4 and B4A3). The results suggest that the established conditional discriminations may have the property of symmetry and confirm the potential of comparative analysis between the acquisition of conditional discriminations as a promising procedure to evaluate equivalence class formation in nonhuman subjects.

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