Sex determination from the foramen magnum: discriminant function analysis in an eighteenth and nineteenth century British sample

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Gapert ◽  
Sue Black ◽  
Jason Last
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sex Determination ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
British Sample

Sex determination by discriminant function analysis using the human tibia in a Central Indian population

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preetika M Chatterjee ◽  
Kewal Krishan ◽  
RK Singh ◽  
Tanuj Kanchan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Biological Profile ◽  
Nutrient Foramen

In human beings, sexual dimorphism can be well distinguished in almost every bone of the skeleton. Establishing a reliable biological profile is the foremost step in identifying human skeletal remains. Sex determination along with the estimation of age, stature and ancestry comprise the important parameters in establishing a biological profile. The pelvis and skull are considered the most reliable bones in sexing human remains. In the absence of the pelvis and skull, forensic scientists must rely upon other parts of the skeleton for sex assessment. Determination of sex from long bones based on morphological traits can be a challenging task, as there are a few morphological differences between the sexes for long bones. However, metric variations can prove to be helpful, as they are reproducible and more reliable. Metric analysis also has the added benefit of being less biased than nonmetric analysis. This study aimed to establish sex determination standards from tibiae using discriminant function analysis. A total of 17 measurements were taken on 162 dry tibiae (116 males and 46 females) of known sex and in the age range 20–60 years. Discriminant function analysis was performed to derive models for sexing of the tibiae. The breadth of the medial articular surface was observed to be the best parameter for sex prediction from metric measurements of the tibia. In stepwise analysis, only seven parameters – namely, the breadth of the medial articular surface, the condylo-malleolar length, the circumference at the nutrient foramen, the breadth of the lateral articular surface, the maximum length, the transverse diameter in the middle of the bone and the transverse diameter at the level of the nutrient foramen – were entered into the discriminant functions. Overall, the accuracy of sexing was observed to be 93.8% and 95% with the direct method and the stepwise method, respectively. This study provides a database and standards for sex estimation from tibiae based on discriminant function models. This investigation further concludes that tibiae can be used for sex determination in forensic examinations.

scholarly journals Sex determination in skeletal remains from the medieval Eastern Adriatic coast – discriminant function analysis of humeri

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Željana Bašić ◽  
Ivana Anterić ◽  
Katarina Vilović ◽  
Anja Petaros ◽  
Alan Bosnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Determination ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Adriatic Coast

scholarly journals Discriminant Function Analysis of Foramen Magnum Variables in South Indian Population: A Study of Computerised Tomographic Images

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
S. P. Vinutha ◽  
V. Suresh ◽  
R. Shubha
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Discriminant Function Analysis ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Foramen Magnum ◽  
Ct Scans ◽  
Transverse Diameter ◽  
South Indian Population ◽  
Cranial Ct ◽  
South Indian

Background and Objectives. The foramen magnum as a transition area between skull and spine plays an important role as a landmark, because of its close relationship to vital structures such as the brain and spinal cord. Configuration and size of the foramen magnum play an important role for assessing craniovertebral relations. The objectives of the present study are to find out shape and dimensions of foramen magnum in cranial CT scans. All the variables were evaluated by using discriminant function analysis. Materials and Methods. The study sample comprised 200 CT scans (110 males and 90 females) of south Indian origin. The shapes of the foramen magnum were classified into 8 types: oval, egg, round, tetragonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, irregular (A), and irregular (B). The parameters were noted meticulously and the statistical analysis for sex comparison was made by Student’s t-test and was considered significant whenever P≤0.05. To determine the relationships between the studied parameters, Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. Results. The foramen magnum was classified into 8 types based on shape. Commonest was oval and pentagonal was the least common type. The anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, circumference, and area were significantly greater in males than in females (P<0.001). The mean FM index of male CT scans was 85.01 ± 8.67, whereas in case of female CT scans, it was 83.17 ± 7.78. With all the variables in consideration, overall 65% of cranial CT scans were sexed correctly by using multivariate analysis. Conclusion. Several anatomic parameters such as shape and dimensions of FM should be taken into consideration during surgery involving the craniovertebral junction. Also these can be used during forensic and anthropological investigation of unknown individuals for determining gender, ethnicity, and so on. The multivariate analysis is by far the best method for determination of sex of cranium with available resources.

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