In order to investigate whether bilateral peripheral vestibular lesions cause long-term impairment of spatial learning, rats were tested in a reference memory radial arm maze learning task at least 5 weeks following a bilateral labyrinthectomy (BL) or sham control lesion. All control rats reached criterion (i.e., 1 error or less, averaged across 7 trials for 3 consecutive days of training) but only 4 of the 8 BL rats had reached criterion by day 21 of the training sessions. The control rats reached criterion more quickly than the lesioned rats (Control, 7.0 ± 0.63 days, Lesioned, 15.8 ± 1.4 days, t 10 = 5.84, p < 0.0001). This difference resulted from the greater number of errors made by the BL animals. However, the latency to respond was comparable as a result of the increased locomotor activity of the BL group (i.e., ’hyperkinesis), and the overall rate of acquisition of the task, as indicated by analysis of the exponential decrease in errors over the entire training period, was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The results of this study demonstrate that BL in rats produces long-term changes in performance in a spatial reference memory task, which are not simply due to the inability to move but may relate to the way that the brain uses vestibular information to create spatial representations and determines behavioural strategies on the basis of these representations.
Clobazam and Its Active Metabolite N-desmethylclobazam Display Significantly Greater Affinities for α2- versus α1-GABAA–Receptor Complexes