Three of 70 small bowel transplant recipients were diagnosed with adenovirus enteritis. The biopsies were performed for surveillance in one patient at 2.7 years after transplantation and in two symptomatic children 1.5 years and 4.5 months after transplantation. In all three patients the characteristic epithelial changes were not noted by the primary observers. Two biopsies had been called “suggestive of acute rejection” and both patients had been so treated. One biopsy had been diagnosed as “regenerative”. Once the epithelial changes were recognized as being viral, confirmation was possible by stool culture in one patient, immunohistochemistry in two patients, or by lift technique of the H&E sections for electron microscopy. The immune suppression was reduced and none of the patients developed disseminated infection. As in other transplanted organs, such as lung and liver, adenovirus infection may be limited largely to the allograft but can be destructive. Early recognition of the characteristic changes that are illustrated can lead to confirmation of the virus and appropriate reduction of immune suppression. A mistaken diagnosis of rejection and augmentation of immune suppression can lead to viral dissemination and potential fatality.
Remote ischemic preconditioning and tacrolimus in the fetal small bowel transplant in mice
