Antidepressants reduce inactivity during both inescapable shock administration and shuttle-box testing

11 rats which experienced severe, inescapable shock were subsequently found to be impaired in the acquisition of a 2-way shuttle-box avoidance task but showed no impairment in open-field exploration. Ss initially allowed to escape/avoid the shock demonstrated enhanced exploration in the open field.

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Preference for Predicted over Unpredicted Shock

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology ◽

10.1080/14640747608400571 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 441-447 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paul W. Frankel ◽

Walter vom Saal

Keyword(s):

Inescapable Shock ◽

Random Signal ◽

The Other ◽

Shuttle Box

Rats received unavoidable, inescapable shock at each end of a shuttle box. A predictive signal preceded the shock when the rat was at one end of the shuttle box, while a random signal was presented when the rat was at the other end. Subjects spent significantly more than 50% of their time at the end with the predictive signal. Examination of crossover data suggested that the occurrence of crossover responses from one end to the other was influenced by the consequences of those responses, and raised the possibility that preference for predicted shock in this and previous studies was due to differential consequences that normally exist for crossover responses in each direction.

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Dissociation of long-term analgesia and the shuttle box escape deficit caused by inescapable shock.

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology ◽

10.1037/0735-7036.96.6.904 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 96 (6) ◽

pp. 904-912 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

A. John MacLennan ◽

Robert C. Drugan ◽

Richard L. Hyson ◽

Steven F. Maier ◽

John Madden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inescapable Shock ◽

Shuttle Box ◽

Escape Deficit

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Emotionality, Conditioned Helplessness, and Escape Conditioning

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1974.35.3.1051 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 1051-1056 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Scott W. Shafer ◽

Mark W. Stephens

Keyword(s):

Inescapable Shock ◽

Aversive Stimulus ◽

Prior Experience ◽

Activity Level ◽

Escape Conditioning ◽

Shuttle Box ◽

The Us ◽

Shock Escape ◽

High Emotionality

The role of emotionality in mediating conditioned helplessness was tested by comparing the performance of 16 handled (low emotionality) and 16 nonhandled (high emotionality) litters of rats, half of each group having had prior experience with inescapable shock (conditioned helplessness) and half without such experience on a task requiring escape from shock. Generalization of helplessness effects was tested by subsequently testing Ss in a two-way shuttle box with a loud escapable buzzer as the US. Differences in activity level in the absence of an aversive stimulus were measured later. Prior experience with inescapable shock did inhibit performance on the shock-escape task but emotionality did not, nor did emotionality differences interact with prior experience with inescapable shock. Emotionality affected shuttle-box performance, but conditioned helplessness did not. Activity level was reduced significantly by the conditioned helplessness experience, but only marginally related to emotionality.

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A FULLY AUTOMATED SHUTTLE-BOX FOR AVOIDANCE CONDITIONING

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.9.6.377-390 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 377

Author(s):

FREDERICK A. KING

Keyword(s):

Avoidance Conditioning ◽

Shuttle Box

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A study of effect of Centella asiatica on oxidative markers in the hippocampus of offsprings born to alcohol-fed pregnant rats and the correlation with their cognitive functions

Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine ◽

10.1515/jcim-2020-0472 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Mitha K.V. ◽

Saraswati Jaiswal Yadav ◽

Ganaraja Bolumbu

Keyword(s):

Brain Damage ◽

Water Extract ◽

Centella Asiatica ◽

Protein Carbonyl ◽

Memory Retention ◽

Pregnant Rats ◽

Shuttle Box ◽

Cognitive Efficiency ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Oxidative Markers

Abstract Objectives Alcohol consumption causes several harmful effects on the organs, which is hugely understated. Many deformities occur in the fetus when pregnant mothers indulge in alcoholism. Alcohol is a known teratogen, hence organ formation, particularly development of parts brain critical for cognitive function may be affected. The oxidative brain damage also could contribute to reduced cognitive efficiency of brain exposed to alcohol. In this study, effect of Centella asiatica in relieving the oxidative brain damage in offspring of alcohol fed mother rats was evaluated. Methods In this study we fed alcohol (5 g/kg body weight, 30% w/v) to a group of pregnant Wistar rats during gestation period, and another group served as control. Four groups of rats (n = 6 each) were selected from the offspring of these mother rats. The groups were, control, positive (treated) control, untreated and treated from alcohol-fed mother. Their cognitive parameters were tested in water maze, shuttle box and compared. Further their oxidative status was evaluated by estimating malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl, total antioxidants and glutathione reductase (GSH) in hippocampus. Results The results suggested that there was significantly high cognitive performance in maze test and shuttle box memory retention in rats treated with C. asiatica water extract and the antioxidant levels were high in their hippocampus. Conclusions The outcome of the study suggested that C. asiatica produced beneficial effects in reversing the alcohol induced brain damage in pregnancy.

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The weakly electric fish, Apteronotus albifrons, actively avoids experimentally induced hypoxia

Journal of Comparative Physiology A ◽

10.1007/s00359-021-01470-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stefan Mucha ◽

Lauren J. Chapman ◽

Rüdiger Krahe

Keyword(s):

Active Avoidance ◽

Electric Fish ◽

Electric Organ ◽

The Other ◽

Weakly Electric Fish ◽

Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽

Shuttle Box ◽

Freshwater Habitats ◽

Electric Organ Discharges ◽

Weakly Electric

AbstractAnthropogenic environmental degradation has led to an increase in the frequency and prevalence of aquatic hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen concentration, DO), which may affect habitat quality for water-breathing fishes. The weakly electric black ghost knifefish, Apteronotus albifrons, is typically found in well-oxygenated freshwater habitats in South America. Using a shuttle-box design, we exposed juvenile A. albifrons to a stepwise decline in DO from normoxia (> 95% air saturation) to extreme hypoxia (10% air saturation) in one compartment and chronic normoxia in the other. On average, A. albifrons actively avoided the hypoxic compartment below 22% air saturation. Hypoxia avoidance was correlated with upregulated swimming activity. Following avoidance, fish regularly ventured back briefly into deep hypoxia. Hypoxia did not affect the frequency of their electric organ discharges. Our results show that A. albifrons is able to sense hypoxia at non-lethal levels and uses active avoidance to mitigate its adverse effects.

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