It is now universally recognized that neonates can experience considerable pain. While spinal lamina I neurons projecting to the brain contribute to the generation of hyperalgesia, nothing is known about their electrophysiological properties during early life. Here we have used in vitro whole cell patch-clamp recordings in rat spinal cord slices to determine whether the intrinsic membrane properties of lamina I projection neurons, as well as their synaptic inputs, are developmentally regulated during the early postnatal period. Projection neurons were identified via retrograde transport of DiI injected into the parabrachial nucleus (PB) or periaqueductal gray (PAG) and characterized at postnatal days (P)2–5, P10–12, P19–23, and P30–32. Both spino-PB and spino-PAG neurons demonstrated an age-dependent reduction in spike threshold and duration at room temperature, which was accompanied by a developmental increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Notably, in both groups, age-dependent changes in the passive membrane properties or rheobase only occurred after the third postnatal week. However, spontaneous activity was significantly more prevalent within the developing spino-PB population and was dominated by an irregular pattern of discharge. In addition, while the instantaneous firing frequency remained unaltered in spino-PB neurons during the first weeks of life, spino-PAG cells fired at a higher rate at P19–23 compared with younger groups, suggesting that the gain of parallel ascending nociceptive pathways may be independently regulated during development. Overall, these results demonstrate that intrinsic membrane excitability is modulated in a cell type-specific manner within developing spinal nociceptive circuits.
Functional Organization of Cutaneous and Muscle Afferent Synapses onto Immature Spinal Lamina I Projection Neurons