Associative models can describe both causal learning and conditioning

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Néstor Schmajuk ◽  
José Larrauri
Author(s):  
Mike E. Le Pelley ◽  
Oren Griffiths ◽  
Tom Beesley

Humans are clearly sensitive to causal structures—we can describe and understand causal mechanisms and make predictions based on them. But this chapter asks: Is causal learning always causal? Or might seemingly causal behavior sometimes be based on associations that merely encode the information that two events “go together,” not that one causes the other? This associative view supposes that people often (mis)interpret associations as supporting the existence of a causal relationship between events; they make the everyday mistake of confusing correlation with causation. To assess the validity of this view, one must move away from considering specific implementations of associative models and instead focus on the general principle embodied by the associative approach—that the rules governing learning are general-purpose, and so do not differentiate between situations involving cause–effect relationships and those involving signaling relationships that are non-causal.


2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Lagnado ◽  
Maarten Speekenbrink
Keyword(s):  

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Nasser ◽  
Donna J. Calu ◽  
Geoffrey Schoenbaum ◽  
Melissa J. Sharpe

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 324-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angélica Alvarado ◽  
Elvia Jara ◽  
Javier Vila ◽  
Juan M. Rosas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Khoroshevskaya

The article is devoted to the study of vanadium, a metal capable of stimulating the growth of phytoplankton in situ and has the greatest biological activity in dissolved form. The pattern of an increase in the concentration of vanadium dissolved forms in the mixing zones during the transition from river waters to seawaters is known. In this article, we examine the behavior, ratio and change in the concentrations of vanadium dissolved and suspended forms during the passage of geochemical barriers. The estuarine zone of the Razdolnaya River–Amur Bay (Sea of Japan) is considered as "river-sea" mixing zone. Modelling of physicochemical processes was carried out using the Selector-S and MINTEQA2/PRODEFA2 software systems. Ion-associative models of sea and river water were built and the modelling of the process of their mixing was carried out using the Selector-S software package. The sorption process was simulated using the MINTEQA2/PRODEFA2 software package. The results of modelling physicochemical processes occurring at geochemical barriers help to understand the reasons for changes in concentrations, both total vanadium and biologically active dissolved vanadium forms, during the passage of geochemical barriers in the "river-sea" mixing zones. The results showed that there is a change in the dissolved forms of vanadium migration, their transformation and an increase in the concentration of dissolved forms of vanadium at the geochemical barrier


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