Capturing richer information: On establishing the validity of an interval-valued survey response mode

Obtaining quantitative survey responses that are both accurate and informative is crucial to a wide range of fields. Traditional and ubiquitous response formats such as Likert and visual analogue scales require condensation of responses into discrete or point values—but sometimes a range of options may better represent the correct answer. In this paper, we propose an efficient interval-valued response mode, whereby responses are made by marking an ellipse along a continuous scale. We discuss its potential to capture and quantify valuable information that would be lost using conventional approaches, while preserving a high degree of response efficiency. The information captured by the response interval may represent a possible response range—i.e., a conjunctive set, such as the real numbers between 3 and 6. Alternatively, it may reflect uncertainty in respect to a distinct response—i.e., a disjunctive set, such as a confidence interval. We then report a validation study, utilizing our recently introduced open-source software (DECSYS), to explore how interval-valued survey responses reflect experimental manipulations of several factors hypothesised to influence interval width, across multiple contexts. Results consistently indicate that respondents used interval widths effectively, and subjective participant feedback was also positive. We present this as initial empirical evidence for the efficacy and value of interval-valued response capture. Interestingly, our results also provide insight into respondents’ reasoning about the different aforementioned types of intervals—we replicate a tendency towards overconfidence for those representing epistemic uncertainty (i.e., disjunctive sets), but find intervals representing inherent range (i.e., conjunctive sets) to be well-calibrated.

Exploratory diary study of survey request frequency among research professionals

The survey commons is a global common-pool resource that consists of all populations of potential survey participants that researchers share. As survey research methodology and technology advances, the survey commons has become more accessible and used by an ever-growing variety of professional and non-professional researchers, which creates a climate for potential survey participants of seemingly constant requests to complete various types of questionnaires. Among other factors, the frequency of survey requests likely influences burden, fatigue, and data quality. Yet, few studies have explored the frequency and characteristics of survey requests. In contribution to this growing research area, we conducted an exploratory diary study of survey requests among research professionals for a 1-month period. Participants tracked survey request dates, contact mode, response mode, title, sponsor, host, and completion progress. We observed participants receive a survey request every other day, on average, but only fully completed one-quarter of requests. Marketing surveys were the primary request source, the main contact mode was email, and the main response mode was web-based. While marketing surveys were the most frequently experienced by participants, they also had the lowest completion rate; administrative and academic survey requests had the highest completion rate. Overall, our exploratory diary study told an intriguing story of the quantity and characteristics of survey requests among a select population and adds to growing interests in survey request inquiry.

The value of restaging CT following neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. A population-based study

Background Response evaluation following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in gastric cancer is debated. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of UICC-downstaging as mode of response evaluation following a MAGIC-style regimen of NAC. Methods Retrospective, population-based study on consecutive patients with resectable gastric adenocarcinoma receiving NAC from 2007 to 2016. CT-scan was obtained at diagnosis (rTNM) and repeated following NAC (yrTNM) to evaluate response in terms of downstaging. Further, yrTNM stage was crosstabulated to pathologic stage (ypTNM) to depict correlation between radiologic and pathologic assessment. Results Of 171 patients receiving NAC, 169 were available for response evaluation. For TNM-stages, 43% responded, 50% had stable disease and 7% progressed at CT. Crosstabulating yrTNM stage to ypTNM stage, 24% had concordant stages, with CT overstaging 38% and understaging 38% of the tumours, Cohen kappa ƙ = 0,06 (95%CI 0.004–0.12). Similar patterns of discordance were found for T-stages and N-stages separately. For M-category, restaging CT detected 12 patients with carcinomatosis, with an additional 14 diagnosed with carcinomatosis only at operation. No patient developed parenchymal or extra abdominal metastases, and none developed locally non-resectable tumour during delivery of NAC. Restaging CT with response evaluation was not able to stratify patients into groups of different long-term survival rates based on response mode. Conclusions Routine CT-scan following NAC is of limited value. Accuracy of CT staging compared to final pathologic stage is poor, and radiologic downstaging as measure of response evaluation is unreliable and unable to discriminate long-term survival rates based on response mode.

Responding to COVID-19: Contextual, Pedagogical, and Experiential Considerations from Canadian Northern Postsecondary Educators

The COVID-19 pandemic forced the closure of face-to-face classes in a northern Canadian college in March 2020. Educators and staff went into rapid response mode to continue teaching and supporting students from a distance. Critical reflections were written by the authors to summarize their responses to teaching and learning during the early phases of the pandemic. These reflections were themed, considered individually and collectively, then analyzed and synthesized. In this paper, critical reflection is used as an educational process within the context of critical constructivism and transformative paradigms. We share how teaching during the pandemic solidified our commitment to students and cemented our critical pedagogy by thinking and acting critically to assist students with this disruption in their education. Equipped with these capabilities, educators are empowered to work with students to problem solve and transform our educative lives for a just society. An inter-professional opportunity across programs, spurred by the pandemic, meets organizational strategic directions and fosters a promising relationality. Increased territorial and local technological supports and internal professional development is needed to solidify the immense prospects for distance education as the College transitions to a polytechnic university.

Reputation crisis management and the state: Theorising containment as diplomatic mode

This article theorises containment as a diplomatic response mode for states when faced with potentially harmful attacks on their international identity and reputation. Despite widespread agreement in International Relations (IR) scholarship that identities matter in the context of state security, studies of crisis management have paid little attention to ontological security crises. Scholarly literature on public diplomacy has concerned itself mainly with proactive nation branding and reputation building; work on stigma management has privileged the study of how ‘transgressive’ states respond to identity attacks by recognising, rejecting or countering criticism. Our contribution is two-fold. First, we make the case that states do not perform as uniform entities when faced with ontological security crises – government representatives, bureaucratic officials and diplomats have varying roles and action repertoires available to them. Second, we argue that containment is a key but undertheorised part of the diplomatic toolkit in crisis management. Unpacking containment as a crisis management response mode, we combine insights from IR scholarship on emotions and diplomacy with insights on therapeutic practices from social psychology. We substantiate our argument with a case study of how Norwegian government representatives, bureaucratic officials and diplomats responded to escalating international criticism against Norway’s Child Welfare Services following a wave of transnational protests in 2016. A key finding is that whereas the dominant response mode of government ministers and bureaucratic officials was to reject the criticism, diplomats mainly worked to contain the situation, trying to prevent it from escalating further and resulting in long-term damage to bilateral relations.