In order to improve the fabrication efficiency and performance of an ultrasonic transducer (UT), a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm-based design method was established and combined with an electrically equivalent circuit model. The relationship between the design and performance parameters of the UT is described by an electrically equivalent circuit model. Optimality criteria were established according to the desired performance; then, the design parameters were iteratively optimized using a PSO algorithm. The Pb(ZrxTi1−x)O3 (PZT) ceramic UT was designed by the proposed method to verify its effectiveness. A center frequency of 6 MHz and a bandwidth of −6 dB (70%) were the desired performance characteristics. The optimized thicknesses of the piezoelectric and matching layers were 255 μm and 102 μm. The experimental results agree with those determined by the equivalent circuit model, and the center frequency and −6 dB bandwidth of the fabricated UT were 6.3 MHz and 68.25%, respectively, which verifies the effectiveness of the developed optimization design method.
Estimation of supercapacitor energy based on particle swarm optimization algorithm for its equivalent circuit model
