As a consequence of high-type anorectal malformations (ARMs) pathogenesis, the pelvic floor muscles remain severely underdeveloped or hypoplastic, the rectal pouch is located at the level or above the puborectalis sling, and the bowel terminates outside the sphincter muscle complex support. For children with high-type ARMs the ultimate objective of therapy is mainly to grow up having bowel continence function that is compatible with a good quality of life, and the final prognosis depends significantly on the grade of development of pelvic floor muscles and the successful entering of the anorectum fully within the support of the external anal sphincter due to intraoperative conservation of the puborectalis sling. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently become the preferred imaging study for prediction of functional outcomes, since it can define the anatomy and evaluate the development of the sphincteric muscles before and after surgical correction. Based on recent literature and our clinical experience, we will discuss the relevance of pelvic floor muscles MRI to the clinical outcome of children with high type ARMs.
Pelvic floor in females with anorectal malformations – findings on perineal ultrasonography and aspects of delivery mode
