Beneficial and detrimental functions of microglia during viral encephalitis

Nipah viral encephalitis is one of the fatal re-emerging infections especially in southeast Asia. After its outbreak in Malaysia and Singapore; repeated outbreaks occurred at western part of Bangladesh especially in Faridpur region. Besides, sporadic attacks appear to occur in the country throughout the year. Here two Nipah outbreaks in greater Faridpur district in 2003 and 2004 are described along with brief review on transmission of the virus. Where the history of illness among patients are very much in favour of man to man transmission. Moreover the death of an intern doctor from Nipah encephalitis who was involved in managing such patients in Faridpur Medical College Hospital strongly suggests man to man transmission of this virus. So, aim of this review article to make the health personnel and general people be aware about man to man transmission of virus, so that they can adapt personal protection equipment (PPE) for their protection against this deadly disease. DOI: 10.3329/fmcj.v5i2.6825Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2010;5(2):63-65

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Chapter 10: Diagnosis

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/978-981-14-0914-1_10 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Gerhard Dobler

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Viral Encephalitis ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Cross Reactions ◽

Neuro Imaging ◽

Tbev Infection

• TBE appears with non-characteristic clinical symptoms, which cannot be distinguished from oth-er forms of viral encephalitis or other diseases. • Cerebrospinal fluid and neuro-imaging may give some evidence of TBE, but ultimately cannot confirm the diagnosis. • Thus, proving the diagnosis “TBE” necessarily requires confirmation of TBEV-infection by detec-tion of the virus or by demonstration of specific antibodies from serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. • During the phase of clinic symptoms from the CNS, the TBEV can only rarely be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. • Most routinely used serological tests for diagnosing TBE (ELISA, HI, IFA) show cross reactions resulting from either Infection with other flaviviruses or with other flavivirus vaccines.

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TBE in Lithuania

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/26613980_12b20-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Viral Encephalitis ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Shoulder Girdle ◽

Muscle Paralysis ◽

First Case ◽

Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽

Autopsy Data ◽

Forest Worker ◽

Girdle Muscle ◽

Shoulder Girdle Muscle

The first case of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Lithuania, diagnosed by clinical and epidemiologic criteria only, was reported in 1953. A forest worker became ill with the disease in April after a tick bite, had a typical clinical presentation with shoulder girdle muscle paralysis and bulbar syndrome, and died after 12 days from the start of clinical symptoms. Autopsy data were compatible with viral encephalitis.1 Serological diagnosis of TBE in Lithuania was started in 1970.2

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Chapter 10: Diagnosis

Tick-borne encephalitis - The Book ◽

10.33442/26613980_10-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Viral Encephalitis ◽

Clinical Symptoms ◽

Serological Tests ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Cross Reactions ◽

Neuro Imaging ◽

Tbev Infection

TBE appears with non-characteristic clinical symptoms, which cannot be distinguished from other forms of viral encephalitis or other diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid and neuro-imaging may give some evidence of TBE, but ultimately cannot confirm the diagnosis. Thus, proving the diagnosis “TBE” necessarily requires confirmation of TBEV-infection by detection of the virus or by demonstration of specific antibodies from serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid. During the phase of clinic symptoms from the CNS, the TBEV can only rarely be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. Most routinely used serological tests for diagnosing TBE (ELISA, HI, IFA) show cross reactions resulting from either infection with other flaviviruses or with other flavivirus vaccines.

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Viral Encephalitis

10.3389/978-2-88966-317-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Viral Encephalitis

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EVALUATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM NATIONAL EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT SERVICE 2008 (UK NEQAS 2008) GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE USING SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC XANTHOCHROMIA: A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY

Clinical & Investigative Medicine ◽

10.25011/cim.v32i6s.11140 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 32 (6S) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

A Gangloff ◽

L Nadeau

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy ◽

Viral Encephalitis ◽

Objective Evaluation ◽

Final Diagnosis ◽

Amyloid Angiopathy ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Cerebral Amyloid ◽

The One ◽

The Uk

Objective: Evaluation of the UK NEQAS 2008 guidelines for the interpretation of spectrophotometric xanthochromia. Method: A search of the laboratory database for all the xanthochromia test results between May 1st 2008 and May 1st 2009 was performed. Medical charts were reviewed for patients of Hôpital de l’Enfant-Jésus (HEJ) that had at least one detectable pigment (bilirubin, oxyhemoglobin, or methemoglobin). Xanthochromia results obtained with 4 different criteria (Chalmers original, Modified Chalmers, Duiser and UK NEQAS 2008) were compared. Results: We reviewed 41 medical charts (2 patients with duplicate lumbar punctures (LP) for a total of 43 LP). For these 41 patients there were 11 positive xanthochromia results, 5 of which were in concordance with a final diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The diagnosis of the 6 other positive xanthochromia results were as follow: meningeal spread of a lymphoma, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, exertional headache, viral encephalitis with a possibility of petechiaes on the cerebral CT and second LP. Interpretation (negative/positive) of 40/43 LP was identical for the 4 methods. 2 LP were positive with Duiser and UK NEQAS 2008 but negative with Chalmers approaches (final diagnosis: SAH and cerebral amyloid angiopathy). 1 LP was positive only by the Duiser method (viral encephalitis). Conclusions: UK NEQAS 2008 guidelines identified all SAH but are sensitive to traumatic and pathologic meningeal lesions. Except for a case of viral encephalitis with a suspicion of cerebral petechiaes on CT, UK NEQAS 2008 gave xanthochromia results similar to the one in use at HEJ (Duiser). Chalmers original and Modified Chalmers methods missed one of the five SAH.

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