Discharge Rates of Muscle Afferents during Voluntary Movements of Different Speeds

AbstractVoluntary movements are believed to be advantageously prepared before they are executed, but the neural mechanisms at work have been unclear. For example, there are no overt changes in skeletal muscle activity during movement preparation. Here, using a delayed-reach manual task, we demonstrate a decrease in the firing rate of human muscle afferents (primary spindles) when preparing stretch rather than shortening of the spindle-bearing muscle. This goal-dependent modulation of proprioceptors begun early after target onset but was markedly stronger at the latter parts of the preparatory period. In two additional experiments, whole-arm perturbations during reach preparation revealed a congruent modulation of stretch reflex gains of shoulder and upper arm muscles. Our study shows that movement preparation can involve sensory elements of the peripheral nervous system. We suggest that central preparatory activity can also reflect sensory control, and preparatory tuning of muscle spindle mechanoreceptors is a component of planned reaching movements.

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Muscle afferent contribution to control of paw shakes in normal cats

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.1989.61.3.550 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 550-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 106

Author(s):

A. Prochazka ◽

M. Hulliger ◽

P. Trend ◽

M. Llewellyn ◽

N. Durmuller

Keyword(s):

Phase Relationship ◽

Muscle Length ◽

Muscle Afferents ◽

Published Data ◽

Ia Afferents ◽

Discharge Rates ◽

Hindlimb Muscle ◽

Muscle Afferent ◽

Inertial Loading ◽

The Moment

1. The discharge of various hindlimb muscle afferents was recorded during paw shakes in normal cats with the use of floating dorsal root electrodes. 2. Muscle spindle group Ia-afferents and tendon organ group Ib-afferents fired during muscle lengthening, reaching very high peak discharge rates and then silencing at or shortly after the onset of shortening. The timing of Ia firing was consistent with the predictions of a linear model as well as the responses of Ia endings subjected to identical length variations in separate anesthetized cats. 3. In the latter “reconstruction” experiments, waxing and waning dynamic fusimotor action straddling whole paw-shake sequences gave the most consistent matches with the data from the normal cats. The reproducibility of the inferred fusimotor action justifies the inclusion of paw shakes as a class of movement in which fusimotor set is high. 4. The peak ensemble Ia activity from single hindlimb muscles was estimated to be approximately 20 kiloimpulses/s (Kips). Ankle extensor and hamstrings length variations were nearly in phase in the first cycles of a paw-shake sequence. From published data on spindle populations in these muscles, this indicated that peak Ia input to the spinal cord exceeded 0.2 megaimpulses/s (Mips). 5. The phase relationship between origin-to-insertion muscle length and Ia firing during paw shakes was little affected by doubling or tripling the moment of inertia of the foot. We argue that this refutes the notion that in paw shakes phase reversals occur between muscle fibers and tendons in the muscles studied. 6. Inertial loading of the foot led to small but significant reductions in mean paw-shake frequency. This is consistent with an afferent contribution to the generation of these movements. 7. We conclude that in paw shakes in normal cats, the CNS “chooses” to sensitize Ia-afferents to muscle length variations by increasing dynamic fusimotor action. The resulting ensemble Ia input is very large and is likely to play a significant role in reflexly shaping the alpha-motoneuronal activity responsible for the paw shakes.

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