Our main goal in this study was to investigate the role of phospholipase C (PLC) β1 and PLCγ1 in skeletal muscle differentiation and the existence of potential downstream targets of their signaling activity. To examine whether PLC signaling can modulate the expression of cyclin D3, a target of PLCβ1 in erythroleukemia cells, we transfected C2C12 cells with expression vectors containing PLCβ1 or PLCγ1 cDNA and with small interfering RNAs from regions of the PLCβ1 or PLCγ1 gene and followed myogenic differentiation in this well-established cell system. Intriguingly, overexpressed PLCβ1 and PLCγ1 were able to mimic insulin induction of both cyclin D3 and muscle differentiation. By knocking down PLCβ1 or PLCγ1 expression, C2C12 cells almost completely lost the increase in cyclin D3, and the differentiation program was down-regulated. To explore the induction of the cyclin D3 gene promoter during this process, we used a series of 5′-deletions of the 1.68-kb promoter linked to a reporter gene and noted a 5-fold augmentation of promoter activity upon insulin stimulation. These constructs were also cotransfected with PLCβ1 or PLCγ1 cDNAs and small interfering RNAs, respectively. Our data indicate that PLCβ1 or PLCγ1 signaling is capable of acting like insulin in regard to both the myogenic differentiation program and cyclin D3 up-regulation. Taken together, this is the first study that hints at cyclin D3 as a target of PLCβ1 and PLCγ1 during myogenic differentiation in vitro and implies that up-regulation of these enzymes is sufficient to mimic the actions of insulin in this process.
Involvement of p27kip1 and cyclin D3 in the regulation of cdk2 activity during skeletal muscle differentiation
