Rapid translation system: A novel cell-free way from gene to protein

2004 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hoffmann ◽  
Cordula Nemetz ◽  
Kairat Madin ◽  
Bernd Buchberger
Keyword(s):  
Translation System ◽  
System A

scholarly journals Immunoglobulin switch-like recombination regions implicated in the formation of extrachromosomal circular 45S rDNA involved in the maternal-specific translation system of zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo M. Breit ◽  
Han Rauwerda ◽  
Johanna F. B. Pagano ◽  
Wim A. Ensink ◽  
Ulrike Nehrdich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Translation System ◽  
Quadruplex Dna ◽  
System A ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Cellular Translation ◽  
Switch Regions ◽  
Long Read ◽  
Flanking Sequences ◽  
Total Dna ◽  
Life On Earth

ABSTRACTCellular translation is essential to all life on earth and in recent years we have reported on the discovery of a unique dual translation system in zebrafish. In this system, a maternal-type variant shows absolute expression in eggs and is progressively replaced during embryogenesis by a somatic-type variant. There are several translation system components, all with a non-coding RNA part, that show this dual characteristic: snRNA, snoRNA, rRNA, RNaseP, tRNA, and SRP-RNA.To produce sufficient ribosomes during oogenesis, zebrafish amplify their 45S locus (18S-5.8S-28S tandem repeat) by means of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) organized in extrachromosomal rDNA circles (ERCs). Although this cellular process is discovered quite some time ago, still little is known about the mechanisms involved. Yet, because only the 45S maternal-type (45S-M) rRNA is expressed during oogenesis, the zebrafish genome provides a rare opportunity to compare an ERC 45S locus to a non-ERC 45S locus.In this study, we analyzed the genomic composition of the 45S-M and 45S-S (somatic-type) loci in combination with ultra-long read Nanopore sequencing of ERCs present in total DNA isolated from zebrafish eggs.We discovered 45S-M flanking sequences that were absent in the 45S-S locus and showed high homology to immunoglobulin (Ig) switch regions. Also, several other unique G-quadruplex DNA containing regions were found in the 45S-M locus. Some of those auxiliary regions showed different sizes in the sequenced ERCs, although within each ERC they appear to have identical sizes. These results point to a two-step system for ERC synthesis in zebrafish oogenesis: first the 45S-M repeat is excised from the chromosome into an ERC by recombination that uses the flanking Ig switch-like regions, after which the initial ECR is multiplied and extended into many ECRs with a varying number of 45S-M repeats.

scholarly journals Human evaluation of three machine translation systems: from quality to attitudes by professional translators

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-148
Author(s):  
Anna Fernández Torné ◽  
Anna Matamala
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Neural Machine Translation ◽  
System A ◽  
Human Evaluation ◽  
Machine Translation System ◽  
Translation Systems ◽  
Document Level

This article aims to compare three machine translation systems with a focus on human evaluation. The systems under analysis are a domain-adapted statistical machine translation system, a domain-adapted neural machine translation system and a generic machine translation system. The comparison is carried out on translation from Spanish into German with industrial documentation of machine tool components and processes. The focus is on the human evaluation of the machine translation output, specifically on: fluency, adequacy and ranking at the segment level; fluency, adequacy, need for post-editing, ease of post-editing, and mental effort required in post-editing at the document level; productivity (post-editing speed and post-editing effort) and attitudes. Emphasis is placed on human factors in the evaluation process.

Professionals and translation in a “literary translation system”

Babel ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 552-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bai Liping
Keyword(s):  
Translation Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Translation System ◽  
System A ◽  
French Novel ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
Literary System

The issue related to professionals is an important one in the field of translation studies. Lefevere holds that professionals play an important part in the literary system and may ensure “the literary system does not fall too far out of step with the other subsystems society consists of”. This article first explores Lefevere’s use of the term “professionals” and then proposes to study professionals in a “literary translation system” instead of a literary system. The focus of this “literary translation system” is translators or translations, and it is a system in which various factors including translators, patrons, professionals, etc. interact with each other. Taking into consideration of the factors of economy and expertise, we can define a professional as someone who lives from certain special knowledge he/she has acquired. In the “literary translation system”, a professional can be a university teacher, an editor, a critic, a reviewer, etc., who has acquired special knowledge of literary translation. The interaction between professionals and translators is also investigated through a case study of the debate over different Chinese versions of the French novel The Red and the Black.

scholarly journals Open Source Toolkit for Speech to Text Translation

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-135
Author(s):  
Thomas Zenkel ◽  
Matthias Sperber ◽  
Jan Niehues ◽  
Markus Müller ◽  
Ngoc-Quan Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Speech Recognition System ◽  
Speech Translation ◽  
System A ◽  
Sentence Segmentation ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Translation Systems ◽  
Ted Talks

Abstract In this paper we introduce an open source toolkit for speech translation. While there already exists a wide variety of open source tools for the essential tasks of a speech translation system, our goal is to provide an easy to use recipe for the complete pipeline of translating speech. We provide a Docker container with a ready to use pipeline of the following components: a neural speech recognition system, a sentence segmentation system and an attention-based translation system. We provide recipes for training and evaluating models for the task of translating English lectures and TED talks to German. Additionally, we provide pre-trained models for this task. With this toolkit we hope to facilitate the development of speech translation systems and to encourage researchers to improve the overall performance of speech translation systems.

scholarly journals Light-activated communication in synthetic tissues

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. e1600056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Booth ◽  
Vanessa Restrepo Schild ◽  
Alexander D. Graham ◽  
Sam N. Olof ◽  
Hagan Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
In Vitro Transcription ◽  
Translation System ◽  
System A ◽  
Synthetic Cells ◽  
3D Printed ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Printed Patterns

We have previously used three-dimensional (3D) printing to prepare tissue-like materials in which picoliter aqueous compartments are separated by lipid bilayers. These printed droplets are elaborated into synthetic cells by using a tightly regulated in vitro transcription/translation system. A light-activated DNA promoter has been developed that can be used to turn on the expression of any gene within the synthetic cells. We used light activation to express protein pores in 3D-printed patterns within synthetic tissues. The pores are incorporated into specific bilayer interfaces and thereby mediate rapid, directional electrical communication between subsets of cells. Accordingly, we have developed a functional mimic of neuronal transmission that can be controlled in a precise way.

A Technological Solution for Communication With Deaf Students in the Institutions of Kuwait

2020 ◽  
pp. 140-156
Author(s):  
Wadhah A. AlKhaldi ◽  
Muhammad Sarfraz
Keyword(s):  
Essential Elements ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Deaf Students ◽  
System A ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
The State Of Kuwait ◽  
Video Relay ◽  
Significant Class

The deaf category represents a significant class at the global level, and it is therefore necessary to pay attention to the provision of prominent educational programs and services to help them achieve self-realization and full integration into society. This study seeks to propose a new translation system for deaf students in faculties, universities, and higher institutes in Kuwait. It can help deaf students to obtain better educational services and improve their communications with their hearing students and teachers in the State of Kuwait. Let us call such a system a video relay service (VRS); it can also be adopted in institutions in other parts of the world. The overall research goal is to propose a new translation system that can help students obtain better educational services and improve their communication with their hearing peers and teachers in the State of Kuwait. This chapter proposes a new translation system for deaf students;, a detailed study and methodology of the targeted research has been explained with all its essential elements.

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