New Peoples and New Kinds of People: Adaptation, Readjustment, and Ethnogenesis in South American Indigenous Societies (Colonial Era)

1999 ◽  
pp. 443-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart B. Schwartz ◽  
Frank Salomon
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
Colonial Era

The Evueví of Paraguay: Adaptive Strategies and Responses to Colonialism, 1528-1811

1989 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Ganson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Adaptation ◽  
South American ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Westward Expansion ◽  
Indian Wars ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Gran Chaco ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions

The Evueví (commonly known as the “Payaguá”), a Guaycuruan tribe in southern South America, dominated the Paraguay and Paraná rivers for more than three centuries. Non-sedentary, similar in nature to the Chichimecas of northern Mexico and the Araucanians of southern Chile, the Evueví were riverine Indians whose life was seriously disrupted by the westward expansion of the Spanish and Portuguese in the Gran Chaco and Mato Grosso regions. This study will identify Evueví strategies for survival and analyze the nature of intercultural contact between the Indian and Spanish cultures. A study of the ethnohistory of the Evueví contributes to an understanding of the cultural adaptation of a non-sedentary indigenous tribe on the Spanish frontier whose salient features were prolonged Indian wars, Indian slavery, and missions. Such an analysis also provides an opportunity to analyze European attitudes and perceptions of a South American indigenous culture. Unlike other Amerindians, the unique characteristic of the Evueví was that Europeans perceived them as river pirates during the colonial era.

scholarly journals Widespread pollution of the South American atmosphere predates the industrial revolution by 240 y

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (8) ◽  
pp. 2349-2354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Uglietti ◽  
Paolo Gabrielli ◽  
Colin A. Cooke ◽  
Paul Vallelonga ◽  
Lonnie G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
South America ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Ice Core Record ◽  
Drilling Site

In the Southern Hemisphere, evidence for preindustrial atmospheric pollution is restricted to a few geological archives of low temporal resolution that record trace element deposition originating from past mining and metallurgical operations in South America. Therefore, the timing and the spatial impact of these activities on the past atmosphere remain poorly constrained. Here we present an annually resolved ice core record (A.D. 793–1989) from the high-altitude drilling site of Quelccaya (Peru) that archives preindustrial and industrial variations in trace elements. During the precolonial period (i.e., pre-A.D. 1532), the deposition of trace elements was mainly dominated by the fallout of aeolian dust and of ash from occasional volcanic eruptions, indicating that metallurgic production during the Inca Empire (A.D. 1438−1532) had a negligible impact on the South American atmosphere. In contrast, a widespread anthropogenic signal is evident after around A.D. 1540, which corresponds with the beginning of colonial mining and metallurgy in Peru and Bolivia, ∼240 y before the Industrial Revolution. This shift was due to a major technological transition for silver extraction in South America (A.D. 1572), from lead-based smelting to mercury amalgamation, which precipitated a massive increase in mining activities. However, deposition of toxic trace metals during the Colonial era was still several factors lower than 20th century pollution that was unprecedented over the entirety of human history.

Learning Partners in the Americas: North, Central, and South American Contributions

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres J. Consoli ◽  
Melissa L. Morgan Consoli
Keyword(s):  
South American ◽  
North Central

The Japanese Factor in the Making of North Korean Socialism

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-251
Author(s):  
Ernest Ming-Tak Leung
Keyword(s):  
Communist Party ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Colonial Rule ◽  
Direct Experience ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Stepping Stone ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Juche Ideology

This article explores a commonly ignored aspect of Japan–North Korean relations: the Japanese factor in the making of Korean socialism. Korea was indirectly influenced by the Japanese Jiyuminken Movement, in the 1910s–1920s serving as a stepping-stone for the creation of a Japanese Communist Party. Wartime mobilization policies under Japanese rule were continued and expanded beyond the colonial era. The Juche ideology built on tendencies first exhibited in the 1942 Overcoming Modernity Conference in Japan, and in the 1970s some Japanese leftists viewed Juche as a humanist Marxism. Trade between Japan and North Korea expanded from 1961 onwards, culminating in North Korea’s default in 1976, from which point on relations soured between the two countries. Yet leaders with direct experience of colonial rule governed North Korea through to the late 1990s.

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