Finland Since 1939

1948 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-225
Author(s):  
Thorsten V. Kalijarvi
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Lasting Impression ◽  
Grand Duchy

An understanding of present-day Finland is conditioned upon an understanding of Finland prior to 1939. The background for the last eight years must come from the early Middle Ages, when Finland became united with the Kingdom of Sweden and carried on more or less constant warfare on the side of that country against Russia. When, in 1809, Russia defeated Sweden in war, she forced the latter to cede Finland to her. Finland was, however, immediately granted die status of an autonomous Grand Duchy. During the century of Russian sovereignty, even though the Finns racially and linguistically differed from the Scandinavian people, they retained their old Western culture, and continued to form a part of the Scandinavian group; in short, the fact that Finland fell under Russian control for over a hundred years made very little lasting impression upon Finnish institutions and culture. In 1906, the Tsar approved the new Parliament Act whereby the old Finnish Diet of four estates was changed into a truly democratic single-chambered legislature, chosen by universal and equal suffrage.

Epilogue: Lighthouse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kriston R. Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
First Century ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Culture Learning ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Twenty First Century

Monte Cassino stands today as a rich and symbolic lesson in history. The abbey’s manifold experience with destruction and recovery reveals a profound transformation of historical meaning and value, which is manifested in the twenty-first century. This epilogue reflects on the representation of Monte Cassino’s history as the centre of Western culture, learning, and civilisation – a legacy that has repeatedly shaped and propelled its ‘use-value’. This assigned relevance – from the early Middle Ages to the present day – takes much of its meaning from the abbey’s ‘destruction tradition’ – the interplay between ‘destruction’ and ‘recovery’, death and resurrection, adversity and perseverance.

METAL PRODUCTION IN LATE ANTIQUITY: FROM CONTINUITY OF KNOWLEDGE TO CHANGES IN CONSUMPTION

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Giannichedda
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Metal Production ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Technical Details ◽  
Lasting Impression

The study of metal production in Late Antiquity falls between the Early Roman period and the Early Middle Ages—both of which left a more lasting impression. Late Antiquity marks an ambiguous boundary, or rather a period of transition in which significant continuity of knowledge of ancient techniques can be found, although sometimes translated into new forms, as a result of: a crisis in extraction activities of the central government; of contacts between peoples who brought with them different traditional techniques; and of changes in use, whether utilitarian or not. To examine these phenomena, three methods can be applied: firstly, one can differentiate products through their technical details; secondly, one can quantify production, and thus the metal that was actually available to the different social groups; thirdly, one can undertake archaeometallurgical research on sites of particular interest.

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