Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. G. S. Doman ◽  
J. K. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Difference Equation ◽  
Chebyshev Polynomials ◽  
Generating Functions ◽  
Hypergeometric Functions ◽  
Linear Difference Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Lucas Numbers ◽  
Order Linear ◽  
Lucas Polynomials ◽  
Fibonacci And Lucas Numbers

The Fibonacci and Lucas polynomials Fn(z) and Ln(z) are denned. These reduce to the familiar Fibonacci and Lucas numbers when z = 1. The polynomials are shown to satisfy a second order linear difference equation. Generating functions are derived, and also various simple identities, and relations with hypergeometric functions, Gegenbauer and Chebyshev polynomials.

On factorization of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers using tridiagonal determinants

2012 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Seibert ◽  
Pavel Trojovský
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Relation ◽  
Chebyshev Polynomials ◽  
Fibonacci Numbers ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Tridiagonal Matrix ◽  
Lucas Numbers ◽  
Tridiagonal Matrices ◽  
Fibonacci And Lucas Numbers

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to give new results about factorizations of the Fibonacci numbers F n and the Lucas numbers L n. These numbers are defined by the second order recurrence relation a n+2 = a n+1+a n with the initial terms F 0 = 0, F 1 = 1 and L 0 = 2, L 1 = 1, respectively. Proofs of theorems are done with the help of connections between determinants of tridiagonal matrices and the Fibonacci and the Lucas numbers using the Chebyshev polynomials. This method extends the approach used in [CAHILL, N. D.—D’ERRICO, J. R.—SPENCE, J. P.: Complex factorizations of the Fibonacci and Lucas numbers, Fibonacci Quart. 41 (2003), 13–19], and CAHILL, N. D.—NARAYAN, D. A.: Fibonacci and Lucas numbers as tridiagonal matrix determinants, Fibonacci Quart. 42 (2004), 216–221].

scholarly journals Instability of second-order nonhomogeneous linear difference equations with real-valued coefficients

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-495
Author(s):  
MASAKAZU ONITSUKA ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Difference Equation ◽  
Linear Difference Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Ulam Stability ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Condition ◽  
Linear Difference Equations ◽  
Real Numbers ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Order Linear ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

In J. Comput. Anal. Appl. (2020), pp. 152--165, the author dealt with Hyers--Ulam stability of the second-order linear difference equation $\Delta_h^2x(t)+\alpha \Delta_hx(t)+\beta x(t) = f(t)$ on $h\mathbb{Z}$, where $\Delta_hx(t) = (x(t+h)-x(t))/h$ and $h\mathbb{Z} = \{hk|\,k\in\mathbb{Z}\}$ for the step size $h>0$; $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are real numbers; $f(t)$ is a real-valued function on $h\mathbb{Z}$. The purpose of this paper is to clarify that the second-order linear difference equation has no Hyers--Ulam stability when the step size $h>0$ and the coefficients $\alpha$ and $\beta$ satisfy suitable conditions. Finally, a necessary and sufficient condition for Hyers--Ulam stability is obtained.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION OF THE LINEAR DIFFERENCE EQUATION INTO A SYSTEM OF THE FIRST ORDER DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
M.I. Ayzatsky
Keyword(s):  
Difference Equation ◽  
Difference Equations ◽  
Linear Difference Equation ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Order Difference ◽  
Order Linear ◽  
First Order ◽  
Second Order Difference Equation ◽  
Order Difference Equation

The transformation of the N-th-order linear difference equation into a system of the first order difference equations is presented. The proposed transformation opens possibility to obtain new forms of the N-dimensional system of the first order equations that can be useful for the analysis of solutions of the N-th-order difference equations. In particular for the third-order linear difference equation the nonlinear second-order difference equation that plays the same role as the Riccati equation for second-order linear difference equation is obtained. The new form of the Ndimensional system of first order equations can also be used to find the WKB solutions of the linear difference equation with coefficients that vary slowly with index.

Difference equations, determinants and the Secret Santa problem

2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (514) ◽  
pp. 2-6
Author(s):  
Tony Ward
Keyword(s):  
Difference Equation ◽  
Difference Equations ◽  
Linear Difference Equation ◽  
Variable Coefficients ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Auxiliary Equation ◽  
Order Linear ◽  
Particular Solution

In [1] it is shown that every second-order linear difference equation with, in general, variable coefficients can be reduced to the formIt is also shown that (1) can be solved explicitly provided that a particular solution a (n) of the ‘auxiliary equation’can be found, and many cases in which a solution of (2) is available are discussed. However, [1] is defective in that no method of finding a solution of (2) in the general case is given.

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