The biosynthesis of the phytotoxin coronatine has been investigated by administration of isotopically labeled precursors to Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. The structure of coronatine contains two moieties of distinct biosynthetic origin, a bicyclic, hydrindanone carboxylic acid (coronafacic acid) and a cyclopropyl α-amino acid (coronamic acid). Investigations of coronafacic acid biosynthesis have shown that this compound is a polyketide derived from three acetate units, one butyrate unit, and one pyruvate unit. The two carbonyl oxygen atoms of coronafacic acid were found to be derived from the oxygen atoms of acetate. Additional experiments are described that rule out some possible modes for assembly of the polyketide chain. Coronamic acid is shown to be derived from L-isoleucine via the intermediacy of L-alloisoleucine. Examination of the mechanism of the cyclization of L-alloisoleucine to coronamic acid revealed that the formation of the cyclopropane ring takes place with the removal of only two hydrogen atoms from the amino acid, one at C-2 and the other at C-6. The nitrogen atom at C-2 of L-alloisoleucine is shown to be retained. On the basis of these observations, a mechanism is postulated for the cyclization reaction that involves the diversion of an enzymatic hydroxylation reaction into an oxidative cyclization. Finally, a precursor incorporation experiment with deuterium-labeled coronamic acid demonstrated that free coronamic acid can be efficiently incorporated into coronatine. This observation indicates that the cyclization of L-alloisoleucine to coronamic acid can occur before formation of the amide bond between coronafacic acid and coronamic acid.
Biosynthesis of the Pseudomonas polyketide coronafacic acid requires monofunctional and multifunctional polyketide synthase proteins
