In his book, Educating the Reflective Practitioner (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987), Donald Schon urges educators to adopt a new method of teaching, one which provides students with an opportunity to learn how to make decisions in the "indeterminate zones" of practice—that is, in situations of uncertainty, situations of uniqueness, or situations in which value conflicts arise. He recommends that educators design their courses as "practicums" in which students learn a practice or skill by doing. This helps them master the arts of defining problems, implementing solutions, and improvising.