To optimally manage an environment with predators, prey must correctly distinguish between cues that are risky and cues that are safe. Even a specific cue that is safe in one area or at a certain time may be dangerous in other situations, and vice versa. Latent inhibition is a cognitive mechanism by which animals fail to learn that a stimulus as risky because they have already learned it as non-threatening via previous encounters with the stimulus in the absence of negative consequences. Here, we demonstrate that latent inhibition of predator-recognition learning in wood frog tadpoles,
Lithobates sylvaticus
, depends on the timing of their learning opportunities. For 6 days, tadpoles were exposed daily to an initially novel stimulus (salamander odour), either in the morning (11.00–13.00 h) or evening (16.00–18.00 h). The following day, we conditioned tadpoles to recognize the salamander odour as a predator by pairing it with injured tadpole cues, either at the same time as their previous experience or at the opposite time. When tested the following day, latent inhibition occurred under each scenario where the timing of conditioning matched the timing of the pre-exposure. However, tadpoles tested in the morning showed learned fright responses when conditioned in the morning if their pre-exposure had occurred in the evening, whereas individuals tested in the evening showed learned fright responses when conditioned in the evening if their pre-exposure had occurred in the morning. This is the first report of time-dependent latent inhibition of predator-recognition learning, which is likely an important mechanism for correctly managing predation risk and safety.
Effects of the invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii on growth and development of Pelophylax perezi tadpoles in field conditions
