Active Methods & Instruments for Personal Dosimetry of External Radiation: Present Situation in Europe and Future Needs

The mean activity concentration of1311 during inhalation by the nuclear medicine personnel was measured at therapeutic activity applications of 22 GBq (600 mCi) per week. The activity concentration reached its maximum in the exhaled air of the patients 2.5 to 4 hours after oral application. The normalized maximum was between 2 • 10−5 and 2 • 10−3 Bq-m−3 per administered Bq. The mean activity concentration of1311 inhaled by the personnel was 28 to 1300 Bq-m−3 (0.8 to 35 nCi-rrf−3). From this the1311 uptake per year was estimated to be 30 to 400 kBq/a (x̄ = 250, SD = 50%). The maximum permitted uptake from air per year is, according to the German and Austrian radiation protection ordinances 22/21 µiCi/a (= 8 • 105 Bq/a). At maximum 50% and, on the average, 30% of this threshold value are reached. The length of stay of the personnel in the patient rooms is already now limited to such an extent that 10% of the maximum permissible whole-body dose for external radiation is not exceeded. Therefore, increased attention should be paid also to radiation exposure by inhalation.

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Future Needs for Long-Term Monitoring Design

World Water & Environmental Resources Congress 2003 ◽

10.1061/40685(2003)11 ◽

2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Barbara S. Minsker ◽

Charles Davis ◽

David Dougherty ◽

Gus Williams

Keyword(s):

Monitoring Design ◽

Future Needs ◽

Long Term Monitoring ◽

Term Monitoring

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Post-Soviet economy development: From the past to the future

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2017-6-5-21 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 5-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Yasin

Keyword(s):

Present Situation ◽

Soviet Economy ◽

Market Reforms ◽

Democratic Development ◽

The Past ◽

Current Period ◽

The Future ◽

History Of ◽

Working Out ◽

A Current

The article is devoted to major events in the history of the post-Soviet economy, their influence on forming and development of modern Russia. The author considers stages of restructuring, market reforms, transformational crisis, and recovery growth (1999-2011), as well as a current period which started in2011 and is experiencing serious problems. The present situation is analyzed, four possible scenarios are put forward for Russia: “inertia”, “mobilization”, “decisive leap”, “gradual democratic development”. More than 30 experts were questioned in the process of working out the scenarios.

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