ABSTRACTA combinatorial biosynthetic approach was used to interrogate the donor substrate flexibility of GilGT, the glycosyltransferase involved inC-glycosylation during gilvocarcin biosynthesis. Complementation of gilvocarcin mutantStreptomyces lividansTK24 (cosG9B3-U−), in which the biosynthesis of the natural sugar donor substrate was compromised, with various deoxysugar plasmids led to the generation of six gilvocarcin analogues with altered saccharide moieties. Characterization of the isolated gilvocarcin derivatives revealed five new compounds, including 4-β-C-d-olivosyl-gilvocarcin V (d-olivosyl GV), 4-β-C-d-olivosyl-gilvocarcin M (d-olivosyl GM), 4-β-C-d-olivosyl-gilvocarcin E (d-olivosyl GE), 4-α-C-l-rhamnosyl-gilvocarcin M (polycarcin M), 4-α-C-l-rhamnosyl-gilvocarcin E (polycarcin E), and the recently characterized 4-α-C-l-rhamnosyl-gilvocarcin V (polycarcin V). Preliminary anticancer assays showed thatd-olivosyl-gilvocarcin and polycarcin V exhibit antitumor activities comparable to that of their parent drug congener, gilvocarcin V, against human lung cancer (H460), murine lung cancer (LL/2), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Our findings demonstrate GilGT to be a moderately flexibleC-glycosyltransferase able to transfer bothd- andl-hexopyranose moieties to the unique angucyclinone-derived benzo[d]naphtho[1,2b]pyran-6-one backbone of the gilvocarcins.
Inactivation of
gilGT
, Encoding a
C‐
Glycosyltransferase, and
gilOIII
, Encoding a P450 Enzyme, Allows the Details of the Late Biosynthetic Pathway to Gilvocarcin V to be Delineated