The influence of the earth’s magnetic field on the propagation of wireless waves in the ionosphere has stimulated interest in the problem of the propagation of electromagnetic waves through a non-isotropic medium which is stratified in planes. Although the differential equations of such a medium have been elegantly deduced by Hartree,f it appears that no solution of them has yet been published for a medium which is both non-isotropic and non-homogeneous. Thus the work of Gans and Hartree dealt only with a stratified isotropic medium, while in the mathematical theory of crystal-optics the non-isotropic medium is always assumed to be homogeneous. In the same way Appleton’s magneto-ionic theory of propagation in an ionized medium under the influence of a magnetic field is confined to consideration of the “ characteristic ”waves which can be propagated through a
homogeneous
medium without change of form. In applying to stratified non-isotropic media these investigations concerning homogeneous non-isotropic media difficulty arises from the fact that the polarizations of the characteristic waves in general vary with the constitution of the medium, and it is not at all obvious that there exist waves which are propagated independently through the stratified medium and which are approximately characteristic at each stratum. The existence of such waves has usually been taken for granted, although for the ionosphere doubt has been cast upon this assumption by Appleton and Naismith, who suggest that we might “ expect the components (
i. e
., characteristic waves) to be continually splitting and resplitting”, even if the increase of electron density “ takes place slowly with increase of height”. It is clear that, until the existence of independently propagated approximately characteristic waves has been established, at any rate for a
slowly-varying
non-isotropic medium, no mathematical justification exists for applying Appleton's magnetoionic theory to the ionosphere. It is with the provision of this justification that we are primarily concerned in the present paper. This problem has been previously considered by Försterling and Lassen,f but we feel that their work does not carry conviction because they did not base their calculations on the differential equations for a
non-homo-geneous
medium, and were apparently unable to deal with the general case in which the characteristic polarizations vary with the constitution of the medium.
Reflection and Transmission of Electromagnetic Waves at Electron Density Gradients
