After analysis of general properties of horizontal motion in primitive equations and introduction of principal parameters, the key notion of geostrophic equilibrium is introduced. Quasi-geostrophic reductions of one- and two-layer rotating shallow-water models are obtained by a direct filtering of fast inertia–gravity waves through a choice of the time scale of motions of interest, and by asymptotic expansions in Rossby number. Properties of quasi-geostrophic models are established. It is shown that in the beta-plane approximations the models describe Rossby waves. The first idea of the classical baroclinic instability is given, and its relation to Rossby waves is explained. Modifications of quasi-geostrophic dynamics in the presence of coastal, topographic, and equatorial wave-guides are analysed. Emission of mountain Rossby waves by a flow over topography is demonstrated. The phenomena of Kelvin wave breaking, and of soliton formation by long equatorial and topographic Rossby waves due to nonlinear effects are explained.
Absorption of Fast Waves at Moderate to High Ion Cyclotron Harmonics on DIII-D
