Cyttaria berteroi. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria berteroi. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus glauca, N. obliqua, N. obliqua var. macrocarpa, Nothofagus sp. (Fagaceae) [old fallen ascomata have also been recorded on litter and soil]. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Neuquén); Chile (La Araucanía, Los Lagos, Santiago de Chile, Bío-Bío). The fungus is more commonly encountered west of the Andes watershed. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria darwinii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Nothofagus Antarctica ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria darwinii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus antarctica, N. betuloides, N. dombeyi, N. pumilio, Nothofagus sp. (Fagaceae); more than 70% of all records are from N. antarctica and N. pumilio. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Aisén, Los Lagos, Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, Bío-Bío, Maule). Highest recorded altitude: 1700 m. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria hariotii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Nothofagus Antarctica ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria hariotii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus antarctica, N. betuloides, N. dombeyi, N. nitida, N. pumilio, Nothofagus sp. (Fagaceae) [old fallen ascomata have also been recorded on soil, being blackish]. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Aisén, La Araucanía, Los Lagos, Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, Bío-Bío, Maule). Highest recorded altitude: 1000 m. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria johowii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria johowii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the branches; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus betuloides, N. dombeyi (Fagaceae). Cyttaria hariotii has been observed growing in association with C. johowii. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, Bío-Bío, Maule). Highest recorded altitude: 770 m. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria espinosae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Santiago De Chile ◽  
Air Turbulence ◽  
Nothofagus Dombeyi ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria espinosae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus dombeyi, N. glauca, N. obliqua, N. obliqua var. macrocarpa, N. nervosa (Fagaceae) [old fallen fruitbodies have also been recorded on litter and soil; almost 70% of all records are from N. obliqua]. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Neuquén); Chile (La Araucanía, Los Lagos, Santiago de Chile, Bío-Bío, Maule). Highest recorded altitude: 300 m. This species has a more northerly distribution than other Latin American species. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. INGOLD (1988) elegantly postulated that the pitted surface of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae evolved not only to maximize hymenial surface area but also, by causing localized air turbulence in their windy environment, to assist ascospore dispersal by preventing build-up of a layer of static air immediately adjacent to the fruitbody surface, functioning in a similar way to the pits of golf balls.

Cyttaria exigua. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Nothofagus Dombeyi ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria exigua. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite only on branches of Nothofagus spp. ; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus dombeyi (Fagaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Neuquén, Río Negro, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Magallanes y Antártica Chilena). Highest recorded altitude: 790 m. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria hookeri. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
Nothofagus Antarctica ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria hookeri. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus antarctica, N. obliqua(?), N. pumilio, Nothofagus sp. (Fagaceae) [about 75% of all records are from N. antarctica]. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: SOUTH AMERICA: Argentina (Chubut, Neuquén, Río Negro, Santa Cruz, Tierra del Fuego); Chile (Aisén, La Araucanía, Magallanes y Antártica Chilena, Bío-Bío). Highest recorded altitude: 1800m. TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria gunnii. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria gunnii. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus cunninghamii, N. fusca, N. menziesii (Fagaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Tasmania, Victoria); New Zealand (Auckland, Buller, Dunedin, Fiordland, Gisborne, North Canterbury, Nelson, Otago Lakes, Southland, Taupo, Westland). TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria nigra. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Gamundí
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria nigra. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus menziesii (Fagaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand (Buller, North Canterbury, Otago Lakes, Southland, Taupo, Westland). TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Cyttaria pallida. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Golf Ball ◽  
Obligate Parasite ◽  
Highly Evolved

Abstract A description is provided for Cyttaria pallida. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: A highly evolved and highly specific obligate parasite causing often spectacular cankers only on branches of Nothofagus species. Fruitbodies only appear on the cankers; this fungus does not cause wood decay. HOSTS: Nothofagus spp. (Fagaceae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AUSTRALASIA: New Zealand (Buller, Otago Lakes, South Canterbury, Southland, Westland). TRANSMISSION: Not known, but presumably infection is by wind-dispersed ascospores. The reasons postulated by INGOLD (1988) for evolution of the golf ball shape of fruitbodies of Cyttaria espinosae Lloyd [IMI Descriptions No. 1593] are doubtless also valid for this species.

Phylogenetic relationships of Petunia patagonica (Solanaceae) revealed by molecular and biogeographical evidence

Phytotaxa ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maikel Reck-Kortmann ◽  
Gustavo A Silva-Arias ◽  
João R Stehmann ◽  
Julián A Greppi ◽  
Loreta B Freitas
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Ancestral Area Reconstruction ◽  
Cpdna Markers

Petunia patagonica is restricted to the Patagonian region of Argentina and its identity is controversial. The species was described in the genus Nierembergia, and subsequently transferred to the genus Petunia. However, several morphological characteristics of P. patagonica as well as its geographical distribution differ from other Petunia species, and it has been repeatedly considered an exception in the genus. Using one nuclear and two cpDNA markers for 22 species representing seven genera of the tribe Petunieae, we analyzed phylogenetic and biogeographic evidence to clarify the phylogenetic position of P. patagonica. Our results suggest that P. patagonica is not a member of the genus Petunia and is closer to Fabiana imbricata. In addition, Calibrachoa appears basal within the Petunia, Calibrachoa, and Fabiana clades, and Fabiana and Petunia are sister genera. This result led us to reconstruct an ancestral region for this clade within the subtropical grasslands of South America. Subsequent dispersion to the Patagonian and Andean regions was inferred in the divergence of Fabiana and P. patagonica. Our work suggests a need for more studies towards a new generic placement. Ancestral area reconstruction suggests that the origin of the Calibrachoa, Fabiana and Petunia lineages was located in the subtropical grasslands of South America, and the colonization of the Andes and Patagonia seems to be divergent and was achieved only for species belonging to the Fabiana and P. patagonica clades.

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