The cork oak woodland production systems result from the integration of conflicting activities in the same space creating the need of constant search of equilibrium between its components in order to achieve sustainability. In a climate change environment, associated with recent modifications in rural societies, adaptive management concepts are needed so as to maintain cork oak woodland systems sustainable. Nowadays/Currently cork oak woodlands are facing disturbances that are affecting the production system sustainability both by intensification of the activities undercover- that leads to a lack of regeneration and consequent disappearing of the crown cover, loss of cork production and site degradation mainly by soil loss-, or by the abandonment that conducts to an invasion of shrubs and other oaks increasing the competition (reducing cork production) and the risk of forest fire. Only adaptive management techniques associated with growth models and decision support systems, constructed in knowledge based monitoring system, are able to prevent cork wood land decline with the adoption of management practices focused in long term objectives. For the present study it was selected a set of permanent plots according with site quality and stand age and structure. Simulation studies results indicates that cork oak woodland system sustainability (both economical and ecological) is supported in regeneration events associated with the shrub control techniques without soil mobilization with strong dependency of cork prices and valuation of carbon sequestration, especially in the less productive soils. Without modification of actual funding policies and the valuation of carbon sequestration, the system faces increased risks of decline due to the maintenance of actual non sustainable management practices by the stake holders driven by their financial needs. This study is particularly relevant regarding that woodlands dominate the landscape of the south-western Iberian Peninsula, occupying approximately 3.1 million hectares in Spain and 1.2 million hectares in Portugal.
Variability of ant community composition in cork oak woodlands across the Mediterranean region: implications for forest management