A new comparative citation analysis: Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic, Scopus, and Web of Science

Author(s):  
Michael Levine-Clark ◽  
Esther L. Gil
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rovira ◽  
Codina ◽  
Guerrero-Solé ◽  
Lopezosa

Search engine optimization (SEO) constitutes the set of methods designed to increase the visibility of, and the number of visits to, a web page by means of its ranking on the search engine results pages. Recently, SEO has also been applied to academic databases and search engines, in a trend that is in constant growth. This new approach, known as academic SEO (ASEO), has generated a field of study with considerable future growth potential due to the impact of open science. The study reported here forms part of this new field of analysis. The ranking of results is a key aspect in any information system since it determines the way in which these results are presented to the user. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the relevance ranking algorithms employed by various academic platforms to identify the importance of citations received in their algorithms. Specifically, we analyze two search engines and two bibliographic databases: Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic, on the one hand, and Web of Science and Scopus, on the other. A reverse engineering methodology is employed based on the statistical analysis of Spearman’s correlation coefficients. The results indicate that the ranking algorithms used by Google Scholar and Microsoft are the two that are most heavily influenced by citations received. Indeed, citation counts are clearly the main SEO factor in these academic search engines. An unexpected finding is that, at certain points in time, Web of Science (WoS) used citations received as a key ranking factor, despite the fact that WoS support documents claim this factor does not intervene.


2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Judy F. Burnham ◽  
Trey Lemley ◽  
Robert M. Britton

Author(s):  
Alberto Martín-Martín

The information sources that are often used to monitor and to obtain a better understanding of the system of scholarly communication (such as Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) have historically been distributed under restrictive use licenses. However, in a scenario where science and scientific communication are undergoing a process of digital transformation, these models do not facilitate the development of new infrastructure that is better adapted to current and future needs. At the same time, these models hamper reproducibility. In recent years, a variety of open data sources, such as Microsoft Academic, Crossref, and others, have become available, providing easy access to large collections of metadata that were previously only available from closed sources. Citation data are one type of metadata provided by these open data sources. This study documents the significant growth in coverage of open citation data that has taken place between 2019 and 2021, and the events that have led to this point. These collections of open scholarly metadata have kick-started the development of a new ecosystem of scholarly information services. However, their fragility still poses a risk for downstream applications. Academic libraries could become important allies of open scholarly metadata initiatives. Resumen Históricamente, las fuentes de información utilizadas para observar y comprender el funcionamiento del sistema de comunicación científica han sido distribuidas bajo licencias de uso restrictivas (Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar). En el contexto actual, caracterizado por un proceso de transformación digital de la ciencia y de la comunicación científica, estos modelos no facilitan el desarrollo de infraestructuras y herramientas de información científica adaptadas a nuevas necesidades, e impiden la realización de análisis reproducibles. Afortunadamente, en los últimos años han aparecido diversas colecciones de metadatos de investigación distribuidas bajo licencias abiertas, como las ofrecidas por Microsoft Academic, Crossref y otros. Un tipo de metadato ofrecido por estas fuentes abiertas que anteriormente solo estaba disponible desde fuentes cerradas son las relaciones de citación entre documentos académicos. Este trabajo muestra el significativo crecimiento que se ha producido entre 2019 y 2021 en la cobertura de citas disponible en fuentes abiertas, así como los pasos que han sido necesarios para llegar hasta este punto. Estas colecciones de metadatos abiertas han estimulado el desarrollo de un nuevo ecosistema de herramientas de información científica, pero su fragilidad representa un riesgo de cara al futuro. Las bibliotecas académicas podrían convertirse en importantes aliadas de estas iniciativas.


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