C-12Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Normative Data for an Illiterate Adult Population from 6 Latin American Countries

The standard Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was administered to a mixed clinical sample of 332 individuals. The full version was compared to the 64-card version (WCST-64) by extracting the results of the first 64 cards. Percent scores for the WCST were converted to standard scores using the normative data corrected for age and education level. Percent scores for WCST-64 were converted to standard scores using the same WCST normative data. WCST-64 scores were not comparable to those obtained from the full WCST. A breakdown of the data based on performance level found WCST-64 to be useful only with respondents obtaining five or more categories by the end of the first deck. The authors recommend caution in applying WCST manual data to the WCST-64 in the clinical setting.

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Normative Data for Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 Item in a Spanish Speaking Adult Population Living in the US/Mexico Border Region

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acz029.48 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (7) ◽

pp. 1281-1281

Author(s):

D Yassai-Gonzalez ◽

M J Marquine ◽

A Perez-Tejada ◽

A Umlauf ◽

L Kamalyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Normative Data ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽

Spanish Speakers ◽

Border Region ◽

Card Sorting ◽

The Us ◽

Perseverative Errors ◽

Mexico Border ◽

Wisconsin Card Sorting ◽

Sorting Test

Abstract Objective The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a commonly used test of executive functioning. We aimed to generate norms on the WCST-64 item version for Spanish-speakers living in the US. Participants and Method Healthy Spanish-speakers (N=189) were recruited (Age M = 38.2, SD = 10.3, range 19-60; Education M = 10.9, SD = 4.5, range 0-20; 59.3% female) from the US-Mexico border region. Participants completed the WCST-64 as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. Spearman correlations and Wilcoxon Rank-sum tests were used to assess associations between demographic variables and raw scores. T-scores enabling demographic corrections for various WCST-64 measures (Total Errors, Perseverative Responses, Perseverative Errors, and Number of Categories Completed) were obtained using fractional polynomial equations with corrections for age, education, and gender. Uncorrected percentile scores were reported for Failures to Maintain Set. Rates of neurocognitive impairment (NCI; T < 40) were calculated by applying the newly developed norms along with published norms for non-Hispanic (NH) White and African American English-speakers. Results Older age was significantly associated with worse performance, and higher education was linked to better performance on most WCST-64 raw scores. Current norms resulted in expected rates of NCI (14-16% across measures). Applying norms for NH-Whites overestimated NCI (38-52% across measures). Applying norms for African Americans yielded NCI rates closer to what would be expected, with milder misclassifications (NCI: Total Errors = 14%, Perseverative Responses = 19%, Perseverative Errors = 10%). Conclusions Regional normative data will improve interpretation of test performance on the WCST-64 for Spanish-speakers of Mexican origin living in the US and will facilitate a more valid analysis of neuropsychological profile patterns in this population. Future research will need to explore the generalizability of these norms to other groups.

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