Christianity in Rus’ and Muscovy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
David Goldfrank
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Church And State ◽  
State Power ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Church Law

The foundations of Russian Christianity—gradual conversion; absorption of church law; native ascetic monasticism (Kiev’s Monastery of the Caves) and cults (Boris and Gleb, the Vladimir Theotokos icon); characteristic architecture; and crafting of patriotic and didactic sermons (Ilarion), hagiography (Nestor), chronicles, and pilgrimage itinerary—all hearken back to pre-Mongol Rus’. Under Mongol protection, the Rus’ Church flourished; the anti-Catholic, the late Byzantine hesychastic devotional and artistic package, representing a distinct brand of Orthodoxy, arrived, and communal monasticism, spearheaded by Sergii of Radonezh, spread. From the mid-fifteenth century, autocephalous resistance to Church Union with Rome, and unification and expansion under Moscow accompanied Nil Sorskii’s hesychastic treatise, Iosif Volotskii’s theological–didactic–inquisitorial Enlightener, and his followers’ promotion of a Moscow-centred national historiography, sacred monarchy, and pious household guide. The newly established Moscow patriarchate (1589) aided survival and resurgence after civil war and foreign intervention (1604–1619), while the practical need for better-educated Orthodox clerics from (then Polish–Lithuanian) Ukraine and Belarus contradicted pretences of native purity. Would-be Orthodox reformers in the 1640s differed over how much Westernizing education and ritual flexibility were permissible to bring Russian Orthodoxy in line with Ukraine and the Greeks. Patriarch Nikon’s high-handed liturgical reforms (1655), more ruthlessly supported by church and state power after a synod deposed him for political overreach (1666), catalysed the variegated dissenting sectarians commonly called ‘Old Believers’. The century ended with a Moscow Academy (1687–) complementing Kiev’s (1632–) and conflicting, alterative Westernizing visions among Europe-oriented elites.

Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in the memoirs of a Norwegian businessman. Review to: Abrahamsen E. From Seregov to Onega: Memories of the Norwegian forest business in Russia / trans. with Norv. E. I. Tevlin, V. V. Tevlina, E. S. Kotlova, M. Bjerking. Arhangelsk: North. (Arctic) Feder. Lomonosov state University, 2016

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-116
Author(s):  
Galina Budnik
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
White Sea ◽  
Soviet Regime ◽  
State University ◽  
The White Sea ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
European North ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Sawmill Workers ◽  
Sea Area

The book of memoirs of Norwegian entrepreneur Egil Abrahamsen about his work in Arkhangelsk province in 1908—1928 is analyzed. The author highlights stories related to the revolutionary events of 1917, foreign intervention, and the establishment of the Soviet regime in the European North of Russia. Attention is drawn to the description of the life and traditions of the inhabitants of the White Sea area: the Pomors, representatives of the Orthodox clergy, Old Believers, peasants, lumbermen and sawmill workers. It is concluded that the book expands readers’ understanding of the history and culture of Russia and forms a respectful attitude to the citizens of Russia and Norway.

INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS IN CAMBODIA AND AFGHANISTAN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subira Onwudiwe
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Civil Conflicts ◽  
Foreign Intervention

A civil war marked by the intervention of foreign military troops is known as an internationalized non-international armed conflict.' This type of armed conflict happens often and presents a number of issues of concern to international lawyers. The scope of this article is confined to the application of international humanitarian law in such circumstances, and it does not address the validity of foreign involvement in a civil war. In civil conflicts involving foreign intervention, the sides seldom agree on the facts or their interpretation. As a result, this article is dependent on certain factual assumptions, assumptions for which evidence cannot always be provided.

THE FEAST OF THE SEVEN SORROWS OF THE VIRGIN: PIETY, POLITICS AND PLAINCHANT AT THE BURGUNDIAN-HABSBURG COURT

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 261-307
Author(s):  
Emily S. Thelen
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Economic Instability ◽  
Habsburg Court ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Late Fifteenth

Devotion to the Virgin of Seven Sorrows flourished in the Low Countries in the late fifteenth century during a period of recovery from civil war, famine and economic instability. The Burgundian-Habsburg court took a special interest in this popular lay movement and, in an unusual move, sponsored a competition to generate a liturgy – a plainchant office and mass – for the growing devotion. This article identifies new sources for the text and music of the Seven Sorrows liturgy and ties them to the court’s competition. An examination of the surviving office and mass demonstrates the texts’ dependence on an earlier Marian celebration of the Compassion of the Virgin. The reworking of this older devotion reveals that the plainchant competition and the creation of the new Seven Sorrows liturgy were part of the court’s political agenda of restoring peace and unity to their territories.

The Role of North Korea in China’s Civil War: The Soviet-led North Korean Assistance to the CPC in the Northeast Theater, 1946-1948

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-97
Author(s):  
Tomer Nisimov
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
North Korea ◽  
Communist Party Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
The Republic Of China ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic

Abstract Previous studies of China’s civil war have concentrated on different aspects and causes leading to the Communist victory and focused on political, economic, and military explanations. Few studies, however, have examined the features of foreign intervention and assistance to the Communist Party of China and their contribution to the latter’s success. Sino-Soviet relations and cooperation during the war have received the attention of several studies, but the role of North Korea in the war has remained obscure. As information regarding North Korea’s actions during China’s civil war remains largely inaccessible, few studies have debated the question of whether North Korea had ever deployed its forces in China’s Northeast in order to assist their Chinese comrades. Relying on military and intelligence documents from the Republic of China, this article shows how by the time of the Soviet withdrawal from China’s Northeast, the USSR had become resolute about turning North Korea into a militarized state in order to protect its own interests in the region and assist the Chinese Communists.

The Residentiary Canons of York the Fifteenth Century

1979 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrie Dobson
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Original Function ◽  
The Many

No doubt the metropolitan church of St Peter of York, which celebrated its 1350th anniversary two years ago, has always been a difficult institution for the outsider to comprehend; but in the later middle ages its organisation was at its most formidably complex. The reasons for that complexity need no particular urging nor indeed explanation. Even more than other major medieval cathedrals York. Minster fulfilled a wide variety of very different and at times conflicting purposes. As the single largest church within the pre-Reformation ecclesia Anglicana it was inevitably committed to an especially elaborate series of acts of worship in choir, in nave and at the many subsidiary altars with which the cathedral literally abounded. As a house of God deliberately rebuilt and refurnished as magnificently as possible during the later middle ages, it provided a focus of spiritual allegiance for the inhabitants of York and Yorkshire as well as courting the attention of pilgrims and visitors from other parts of England. As the largest religious corporation in the region, York Minster was especially familiar to popes and kings as the most important agency through which the surplus wealth of northern churches and their parishes could be diverted to the professional ‘permanent civil service’ which administered the detailed operations of the English church and state. Most important of all, and despite the personal absence of the archbishop himself, the cathedral of York was still performing its original function as the administrative and judicial head-quarters of thenorthernprovinceinanage when ‘if wecome, therefore, to a general conclusion with regard to the organization of English dioceses in the fifteenth century, we find that it has become highly centralized’.

Liturgy and Community Among Old Believers, 1905-1917

Slavic Review ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 713-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy R. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Central Control ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
Religious Tolerance ◽  
Russian Orthodoxy ◽  
Old Believers

Without liturgy there is no Christianity.–Old Believer Bishop MikhailThe term Old Believers (or Old Ritualists) refers to a number of groups that arose as a result of Russian church reforms, 1654-1666, when Patriarch Nikon sought to make Russian practices conform to their contemporary Greek counterparts. Conscious of both a departure from tradition and an encroachment of central control over local autonomy, Old Believers endeavored to maintain the rites, symbols and prerogatives of traditional Russian Orthodoxy. With support of the tsar, Nikon began bloody persecutions that lasted, though in lesser degrees, until the decree of religious tolerance in 1905.

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