Intermittent hypoxia (IH) can induce a persistent increase in neural drive to the respiratory muscles known as long-term facilitation (LTF). LTF of phrenic inspiratory activity is often studied in anesthetized animals after phrenicotomy (PhrX), with subsequent recordings being made from the proximal stump of the phrenic nerve. However, severing afferent and efferent axons in the phrenic nerve has the potential to alter the excitability of phrenic motoneurons, which has been hypothesized to be an important determinant of phrenic LTF. Here we test the hypothesis that acute PhrX influences immediate and long-term phrenic motor responses to hypoxia. Phrenic neurograms were recorded in anesthetized, ventilated, and vagotomized adult male rats with intact phrenic nerves or bilateral PhrX. Data were obtained before (i.e., baseline), during, and after three 5-min bouts of isocapnic hypoxia. Inspiratory burst amplitude during hypoxia (%baseline) was greater in PhrX than in phrenic nerve-intact rats ( P < 0.001). Similarly, burst amplitude 55 min after IH was greater in PhrX than in phrenic nerve-intact rats (175 ± 9 vs. 126 ± 8% baseline, P < 0.001). In separate experiments, phrenic bursting was recorded before and after PhrX in the same animal. Afferent bursting that was clearly observable in phase with lung deflation was immediately abolished by PhrX. The PhrX procedure also induced a form of facilitation as inspiratory burst amplitude was increased at 30 min post-PhrX ( P = 0.01 vs. pre-PhrX). We conclude that, after PhrX, axotomy of phrenic motoneurons and, possibly, removal of phrenic afferents result in increased phrenic motoneuron excitability and enhanced LTF following IH.
Influence of Two‐Hit Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Administration on 8‐OH DPAT‐induced Inspiratory Burst Amplitude and Frequency Changes in Urethane‐anesthetized Spontaneously Breathing Adult Male Sprague‐Dawley Rat with Prior Single‐Bout Acute Intermittent Hypoxia Exposure
