Protein kinase C localization in the synaptic terminal of rod bipolar cells

Neuroreport ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (13) ◽  
pp. 2176-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia F. Vaquero ◽  
Almudena Velasco ◽  
Pedro de la Villa
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Synaptic Terminal ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

scholarly journals Differential localization of protein kinase C isozymes in retinal neurons.

1991 ◽  
Vol 112 (6) ◽  
pp. 1241-1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Usuda ◽  
Y Kong ◽  
M Hagiwara ◽  
C Uchida ◽  
M Terasawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rabbit Retina ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

We report the immunohistochemical localization of protein kinase C isozymes (types I, II, and III) in the rabbit retina using the monospecific monoclonal antibodies MC-1a, MC-2a, and MC-3a. Using immunoblot analysis of partially purified protein kinase C preparations of rabbit retina, types II and III isozymes alone were detected. The activity of type III was the stronger. By light microscopic immunohistochemical analysis, retinal neurons were negative for type I and positive for type II and type III isozymes. Type II was more diffusely distributed through the retinal layers, but was distinctive in ganglion cells, bipolar cells, and outer segments. The immunoreactivity was stronger for type III isozyme, and it was observed in mop (rod) bipolar cells and amacrine cells. By using immunoelectron microscopy, the cytoplasm of the cell body, the axon, and dendrites of the mop bipolar cells were strongly immunoreactive for type III. The so-called rod bipolar cells were for the first time seen to form synapses with rod photoreceptor cells. These differential localizations of respective isozymes in retinal neurons suggest that each isozyme has a different site of function in each neuron.

Distribution of protein kinase C isoforms in the cat retina

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 549-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
BOZENA FYK-KOLODZIEJ ◽  
WENHUI CAI ◽  
ROBERTA G. POURCHO
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells ◽  
Cone Bipolar Cells

Immunocytochemical localization was carried out for five isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC) in the cat retina. In common with other mammalian species, PKCα was found in rod bipolar cells. Staining was also seen in a small population of cone bipolar cells with axon terminals ramifying near the middle of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). PKCβI was localized to rod bipolar cells, one class of cone bipolar cell, and numerous amacrine and displaced amacrine cells. Staining for PKCβII was seen in three types of cone bipolar cells as well as in amacrine and ganglion cells. Immunoreactivity for both PKCε and PKCζ was found in rod bipolar cells; PKCε was also seen in a population of cone bipolar cells and a few amacrine and ganglion cells whereas PKCζ was found in all ganglion cells. Double-label immunofluorescence studies showed that dendrites of the two PKCβII-positive OFF-cone bipolar cells exhibit immmunoreactivity for the kainate-selective glutamate receptor GluR5. The third PKCβII cone bipolar is an ON-type cell and did not stain for GluR5. The retinal distribution of these isoforms of PKC is consistent with a role in modulation of various aspects of neurotransmission including synaptic vesicle release and regulation of receptor molecules.

Localization of protein kinase C to UV-sensitive photoreceptors in the mouse retina

1998 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.C. WIKLER ◽  
D.L. STULL ◽  
B.E. REESE ◽  
P.T. JOHNSON ◽  
E. BOGENMANN
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory Elements ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Double Label ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

The present study has identified a population of cone photoreceptors in the murine retina that are uniquely immunoreactive for protein kinase C (PKC). Wavelength-sensitive cone subtypes are segregated along the dorso-ventral axis in the mouse retina with ventral retina occupied exclusively by ultraviolet wavelength-sensitive (UVWS) cones, and dorsal retina dominated by middle wavelength-sensitive cones. PKC-positive cones are found primarily in the ventral retina, and double-label immunocytochemistry using a short wavelength-sensitive opsin antibody confirms that they specifically correspond to the UVWS cone subtype. The PKC antibody, as documented in other mammals, also identifies rod bipolar cells in the mouse retina. UVWS cones and bipolar cells have previously been shown to share transcriptional regulatory elements, as observed in transgenic mice encoding a portion of the human SWS-opsin promoter controlling the lacZ reporter gene. In such mice, the transgene product, β-galactosidase, is expressed in populations of both cones and bipolar cells. The present study confirms that lacZ-expressing photoreceptors are indeed PKC-positive photoreceptors, but that the lacZ-expressing bipolar cells are not the PKC-positive rod bipolar cells. These cells must correspond to a type of cone bipolar cell.

Protein Kinase C-like immunoreactivity in rod bipolar cells of the rat retina: A developmental study

1991 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danru Zhang ◽  
Hermes H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Axon Terminal ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Rod Bipolar Cells

AbstractIn the retina of a variety of vertebrate species, a monoclonal antibody against protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to label preferentially bipolar cells. Although the functional consequences of PKC activation in these cells is yet to be revealed, the present study was motivated in part by the possibility that the antibody might be used as a selective marker for examining the development of bipolar cells in the rat retina. Here, the developmental pattern and the dynamic changes of retinal cells expressing PKC-like immunoreactivity (PKC-LI) were studied and analyzed throughout postnatal life until adulthood. Upon its initial detection by immunohistochemistry on postnatal day (PD)-10, faint PKC-LI was limited to the central region of the retina, labeling cell bodies located at the scleral margin of the inner nuclear layer (INL) adjacent to the outer plexiform layer (OPL). On subsequent days, PKC-LI spread progressively to the peripheral retina and axon terminal bulbs at the vitreal margin of theinner plexiform layer (IPL) began showing the first signs of immunoreactive labeling. Not until PD-15, the time of eye opening, did PKC-LI in these cells increase to the extent such that their thin axons were immunoreactive. Each of these axons traversed the entire thickness of the IPL and divided into two or three short branches before ending as enlarged terminal bulbs. The morphology and the location of PKC-LI cells in both the developing and adult retina observed in our study are consistent with them being rod bipolar cells. By the end of the fourth postnatal week, the rod bipolar cells appeared mature, resembling those found in the adult. Overall, more dynamic changes occurred at the axon terminal bulbs than at the cell bodies during the maturational process of rod bipolar cells. Interestingly, PKIC-LI was expressed precociusly in these cells when rat pups were reared in complete darkness starting from the day of birth.

scholarly journals Calcium and Protein Kinase C Regulate the Actin Cytoskeleton in the Synaptic Terminal of Retinal Bipolar Cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1661-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Job ◽  
Leon Lagnado
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase C ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Phorbol Esters ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Synaptic Terminal ◽  
Filamentous Actin ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
Electrical Effect

The organization of filamentous actin (F-actin) in the synaptic pedicle of depolarizing bipolar cells from the goldfish retina was studied using fluorescently labeled phalloidin. The amount of F-actin in the synaptic pedicle relative to the cell body increased from a ratio of 1.6 ± 0.1 in the dark to 2.1 ± 0.1 after exposure to light. Light also caused the retraction of spinules and processes elaborated by the synaptic pedicle in the dark. Isolated bipolar cells were used to characterize the factors affecting the actin cytoskeleton. When the electrical effect of light was mimicked by depolarization in 50 mM K+, the actin network in the synaptic pedicle extended up to 2.5 μm from the plasma membrane. Formation of F-actin occurred on the time scale of minutes and required Ca2+ influx through L-type Ca2+ channels. Phorbol esters that activate protein kinase C (PKC) accelerated growth of F-actin. Agents that inhibit PKC hindered F-actin growth in response to Ca2+ influx and accelerated F-actin breakdown on removal of Ca2+. To test whether activity-dependent changes in the organization of F-actin might regulate exocytosis or endocytosis, vesicles were labeled with the fluorescent membrane marker FM1-43. Disruption of F-actin with cytochalasin D did not affect the continuous cycle of exocytosis and endocytosis that was stimulated by maintained depolarization, nor the spatial distribution of recycled vesicles within the synaptic terminal. We suggest that the actions of Ca2+ and PKC on the organization of F-actin regulate the morphology of the synaptic pedicle under varying light conditions.

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