Design consideration of smart solar dryer for precision drying

A sensor based solar dryer was designed to control the drying environment for precision drying of agricultural produce. The system entirely used solar energy utilizing both thermal and electrical effect. Paraffin wax (PCM) was used for storage of thermal energy whereas solar battery was used to store the electrical energy. Hot air blower was also provided to supply heat when there is less or no solar radiation. Temperature sensors were provided to control the environment of drying chamber. The exhaust fan started operating depending on the set temperature and thus control the drying environment. Load cells were provided below each tray to measure the dry weight. The drying chamber was made of mild steel with glass wool insulation. The capacity of the designed dryer was 10-15 kg with 6 trays. The designed dryer has target temperature of 55-60oC.

Recent Progress of the Practical Applications of the Platinum Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemistry Biosensors

The detection of biomolecules using various biosensors with excellent sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reproducibility, is of great significance in the analytical and biomedical fields toward achieving their practical applications. Noble metal nanoparticles are favorable candidates due to their unique optical, surface electrical effect, and catalytic properties. Among these noble metal nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have been widely employed for the detection of bioactive substances such as glucose, glutamic acid, and hormones. However, there is still a long way to go before the potential challenges in the practical applications of biomolecules are fully overcome. Bearing this in mind, combined with our research experience, we summarized the recent progress of the Pt NP-based biosensors and highlighted the current problems that exist in their practical applications. The current review would provide fundamental guidance for future applications using the Pt NP-based biosensors in food, agricultural, and medical fields.

Technology оf Safe Galvanochemical Process оf Strong Platings Forming Using Ternary Alloy

Established the possibility of galvanochemical obtaining of a plating stronger than in case of chrome precipitation. Proposed precipitation of ternary alloy Co-Мо-W, which allows using the effect of synergism. Proposed and researched usage instead of sulphate-anhydride electrolyte – citrate-diphosphate and ammonia-citrate one. Achieved an increase in current efficiency of precipitated alloy and decrease in current efficiency of hydrogen, with respect to chrome precipitation, which increased safety of the galvanochemical industry. Selected the optimal ratios of components in citrate-diphosphate and ammonia-citrate electrolytes for ternary alloy Co-Мо-W precipitation. Determined the parameters of electrical effect for the galvanic process: constant current – j = 2–8 А/dm2, pulse unipolar current – j = 4–20 А/дм2. Achieved a high microhardness of this plating and high adhesion to base surface. Achieved greater safety of the galvanochemical technological process of ternary alloy Co-Мо-W application compared with chromium plating.

Elementary response triggered by transducin in retinal rods

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is crucial for many physiological processes. A signature of such pathways is high amplification, a concept originating from retinal rod phototransduction, whereby one photoactivated rhodopsin molecule (Rho*) was long reported to activate several hundred transducins (GT*s), each then activating a cGMP-phosphodiesterase catalytic subunit (GT*·PDE*). This high gain at the Rho*-to-GT* step has been challenged more recently, but estimates remain dispersed and rely on some nonintact rod measurements. With two independent approaches, one with an extremely inefficient mutant rhodopsin and the other with WT bleached rhodopsin, which has exceedingly weak constitutive activity in darkness, we obtained an estimate for the electrical effect from a single GT*·PDE* molecular complex in intact mouse rods. Comparing the single-GT*·PDE* effect to the WT single-photon response, both in Gcaps−/− background, gives an effective gain of only ∼12–14 GT*·PDE*s produced per Rho*. Our findings have finally dispelled the entrenched concept of very high gain at the receptor-to-G protein/effector step in GPCR systems.

A Mass-Energy Equivalence Law as E = ½ Mc2

This paper assumes that the mass and charge of a particle are independent of its speed relative to an observer. A particle of mass m and charge Q moving with its electrostatic field Eo at an angle 𝜽 to the direction of speed v, is considered. The intrinsic energy of the particle is contained in its electrostatic field Eo . The magnetic field, generated by a moving charged particle, does not contain any energy. It is shown that, as a result of aberration of electric field, Eo becomes a dynamic electric field Ev , displaced by aberration angle α from the stationary position. This angular displacement is a distortion which increases the energy of the particle by an amount equal to the kinetic energy. The difference between the energies of dynamic field Ev and electrostatic field Eo , gives the kinetic energy ½ mv2 of the particle, thereby offering a mass-energy law as E = ½ mc2 . It is also shown that a charged particle moving at time t, with acceleration dv/dt, produces a reactive electric field Ea = -μo ɛo QU(dv/dt), where μo is the permeability and ɛo the permittivity of space and φ the potential at a point due to the charge. It is proposed that Ea acts on the same charge Q, to create a reactive force QEa = -μo ɛo QU(dv/dt) = -2Eμo εo (dv/dt) = -m(dv/dt), where the charge Q is in its own potential U, E = QU/2 = ½ mc2 is the electrostatic energy and c2 = 1/μo ɛo, c being the speed of light. The force QEa = -m(dv/dt explains the inertia of a body as an electrical effect caused by acceleration.