The Type I simple cold block device was described by Bullivant and Ames in 1966 and represented the product of the first successful effort to simplify the equipment required to do sophisticated freeze-cleave techniques. Bullivant, Weinstein and Someda described the Type II device which is a modification of the Type I device and was developed as a collaborative effort at the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The modifications reduced specimen contamination and provided controlled specimen warming for heat-etching of fracture faces. We have now tested the Mass. General Hospital version of the Type II device (called the “Type II-MGH device”) on a wide variety of biological specimens and have established temperature and pressure curves for routine heat-etching with the device.
Erratum to “Validating the Functional Pain Scale for Hospitalized Adults. Pain Management Nursing, 20/5 October 2019, Pages 418-424; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2019.03.006” Paul Arnstein, Deborah Gentile, Marian Wilson. Massachusetts General Hospital