Fractionated Reaction Time Components Vary as a Function of Movement Direction and Learning

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S309???S310
Author(s):  
Hongwei Guan ◽  
Harold H. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Direction

Time Course of Determination of Movement Direction in the Reaction Time Task in Humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 1195-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Sommer ◽  
Joseph Classen ◽  
Leonardo G. Cohen ◽  
Mark Hallett
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Excitability ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Movement Onset ◽  
Thumb Movement

The primary motor cortex produces motor commands that include encoding the direction of movement. Excitability of the motor cortex in the reaction time (RT) task can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). To elucidate the timing of the increase in cortical excitability and of the determination of movement direction before movement onset, we asked six right-handed, healthy subjects to either abduct or extend their right thumb after a go-signal indicated the appropriate direction. Between the go-signal and movement onset, single TMS pulses were delivered to the contralateral motor cortex. We recorded the direction of the TMS-induced thumb movement and the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) from the abductor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis brevis muscles. Facilitation of MEPs from the prime mover, as early as 200 ms before the end of the reaction time, preceded facilitation of MEPs from the nonprime mover, and both preceded measurable directional change. Compared with a control condition in which no voluntary movement was required, the direction of the TMS-induced thumb movement started to change in the direction of the intended movement as early as 90 ms before the end of the RT, and maximum changes were seen shortly before the end of reaction time. Movement acceleration also increased with maxima shortly before the end of the RT. We conclude that in concentric movements a change of the movement direction encoded in the primary motor cortex occurs in the 200 ms prior to movement onset, which is as early as increased excitability itself can be detected.

scholarly journals Reaction time in automated kinetic perimetry: effects of stimulus luminance, eccentricity, and movement direction

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (16) ◽  
pp. 2157-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Schiefer ◽  
Hans Strasburger ◽  
Stephan T. Becker ◽  
Reinhard Vonthein ◽  
Jan Schiller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Stimulus Luminance ◽  
Kinetic Perimetry

scholarly journals Loss of reaction time specificity for movement direction in Parkinson's disease.

1989 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
RYUICHI NAKAMURA ◽  
JOSE ALVIN P. MOJICA ◽  
YOSHIAKI YAMADA ◽  
FUSAKO YOKOCHI
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Direction

scholarly journals Uncertainty in aiming movements and its association to hand function

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Priscila de Paiva Silva ◽  
Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira de Freitas ◽  
Emelli da Silva Comenalle ◽  
Sandra Regina Alouche
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Hand Function ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Manual Dexterity ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Pinch Strength ◽  
Aiming Movements ◽  
Manual Tasks ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the uncertainty of target location on the planning and execution of aiming movements performed towards the ipsilateral and contralateral directions by the right and left upper limbs. In addition, the association between the performance of aiming movements and the performance of functional manual tasks was investigated. Two tasks were proposed: with prior knowledge of the movement direction (simple reaction time) or not (choice reaction time). The grip strength and manual dexterity were measured. The choice option in response (i.e. uncertainty) influenced planning of the aiming movements, but not its execution, while movements performed towards the contralateral direction were worse in execution as compared to the ipsilateral direction. Manual dexterity was significantly correlated with reaction times, while the performance during movement execution was significantly correlated with handgrip/pinch strength.

Monkey primary motor and premotor cortex: single-cell activity related to prior information about direction and extent of an intended movement

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 534-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Riehle ◽  
J. Requin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Visual Signal ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Wrist Flexion ◽  
Movement Parameters

1. This study was devoted to the neuronal processes underlying the construction of the motor program. Two monkeys were trained in a choice reaction time task to perform precise wrist flexion and extension movements of small and large extent. During a trial, the first visual signal, the preparatory signal (PS), informed the animal completely, partially, or not at all about direction and/or extent of the forthcoming movement. After a constant waiting period, a second visual signal, the response signal (RS), was illuminated calling for execution of the requested movement. 2. Reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) measurements during the training as well as the recording sessions revealed that providing prior information about movement parameters strongly affected RT, but only slightly affected MT. Reaction time decreased in relation to the amount (number of movement parameters precued) and the type of prior information. Providing information about movement direction shortened RT much more than providing information about movement extent. Behavioral data support a parametric conception of motor programming, i.e., that the programming of the different movement parameters results from assembling separate processes of different duration. These results are compatible with the model in which programming processes are serially and hierachically ordered, movement direction being processed before movement extent. 3. Single-cell recording techniques were used to study neuronal activity of the primary motor (MI) and the premotor (PM) cortex, contralateral to the active arm. The activity of 155 neurons of MI and 158 neurons of PM was recorded during performance of the task. Of these 313 neurons, only 14 neurons did not change their activity during execution of the task. Two hundred and seven neurons whose activity changes were related to movement direction and/or movement extent have been selected for the further study. They were classified into three main groups: 1) execution-related neurons (49 in MI, 27 in PM), 2) preparation- and execution-related neurons (48 in MI, 54 in PM), and 3) preparation-related neurons (8 in MI, 21 in PM). 4. Directionally selective, execution-related neurons were found to be more frequently located within MI (81/105, 77.1%) than within PM (55/102, 53.9%), whereas directionally selective, preparation-related neurons appeared tobe more frequently located within PM (47/102, 46.1%) than within MI (24/105, 22.9%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Measuring Implicit Approach–Avoidance Tendencies towards Food Using a Mobile Phone Outside the Lab

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1440
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Brouwer ◽  
Jasper J. van Beers ◽  
Priya Sabu ◽  
Ivo V. Stuldreher ◽  
Hilmar G. Zech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Implicit Measure ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Implicit Approach ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Food Images ◽  
Response Biases

Implicit (‘unconscious’) approach–avoidance tendencies towards stimuli can be measured using the Approach Avoidance Task (AAT). We recently expanded a toolbox for analyzing the raw data of a novel, mobile version of the AAT (mAAT), that asks participants to move their phone towards their face (pull) or away (push) in response to images presented on the phone. We here tested the mAAT reaction time and the mAAT distance in a study with 71 Dutch participants that were recruited online and performed an experiment without coming to the laboratory. The participants used both the mAAT and (explicit) rating scales to respond to photographic images of food. As hypothesized, the rated wanting, rated valence and mAAT reaction time indicated a preference for palatable over unpalatable food, and for Dutch over Asian food. Additionally, as expected, arousal was rated higher for unpalatable than for palatable food, and higher for Dutch than for Asian food. The mAAT distance indicated that the unpalatable food images were moved across larger distances, regardless of the movement direction (pull or push), compared to the palatable food images; and the Dutch food images were moved across larger distances than the Asian food images. We conclude that the mAAT can be used to implicitly probe approach–avoidance motivation for complex images in the food domain. The new measure of mAAT distance may be used as an implicit measure of arousal. The ratings and the mAAT measures do not reflect the exact same information and may complement each other. Implicit measures, such as mAAT variables, are particularly valuable when response biases that can occur when using explicit ratings are expected.

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