Modulation of initial movement for double potential targets with specific time constraints

In goal-directed behavior, individuals are often required to plan and execute a movement with multiple competing reach targets simultaneously. The time constraint assigned to the target is an important factor that affect the initial movement planning, but the adjustments made to the starting behavior considering the time constraints specific to each target have not yet been clarified. The current study examined how humans adjusted their motor planning for double potential targets with independent time constraints under a go-before-you-know situation. The results revealed that the initial movements were modulated depending on the time constraints for potential targets. However, under tight time constraints, the performance in the double-target condition was lower than the single-target condition, which was a control condition implemented to estimate performance when one target is ignored. These results indicate that the initial movement for multiple potential targets with independent time constraints can be modified, but the planning is suboptimal.

Environment and Archaeology in New Zealand

<p>This thesis deals mainly with central New Zealand. The writer's archaeological excavations are described in Appendices. Lists are prepared giving all archaeological radiocarbon dates on wood, charcoal, moa bones, human bones and marine shells, for New Zealand up to 1974. The dates are sorted according to material, and the dates and their standard errors corrected. A stratigraphic system based on soils and Loisels pumice and tied to the corrected radio carbon dates is set up for central New Zealand. Radiocarbon and stratigraphy provide dates for vegetation changes' Moahunter sites, cultivation sites, and for the artifact assemblages that are independently grouped as either Early or Late. Change from Early to Late is explained by cultural breakdown and an initial movement of culture from south to north, The sequence of events postulated is summarised in a Table at the end of the text.</p>

Bayesian Estimation of Potential Performance Improvement Elicited by Robot-Guided Training

Improving human motor performance via physical guidance by an assist robot device is a major field of interest of the society in many different contexts, such as rehabilitation and sports training. In this study, we propose a Bayesian estimation method to predict whether motor performance of a user can be improved or not by the robot guidance from the user’s initial skill level. We designed a robot-guided motor training procedure in which subjects were asked to generate a desired circular hand movement. We then evaluated the tracking error between the desired and actual subject’s hand movement. Results showed that we were able to predict whether a novel user can reduce the tracking error after the robot-guided training from the user’s initial movement performance by checking whether the initial error was larger than a certain threshold, where the threshold was derived by using the proposed Bayesian estimation method. Our proposed approach can potentially help users to decide if they should try a robot-guided training or not without conducting the time-consuming robot-guided movement training.

A Numerical Study on the Thermocapillary Migration of Droplet under Microgravity with Periodic Thermal Boundaries by Front Tracking Method

This paper mainly studied the thermocapillary migration of deformable droplets induced by periodic temperature boundary under microgravity conditions. The Finite-Difference/Front-Tracking (FD/FT) Method was used to solve the Navier-Stokes equation coupled with the energy equation, and the Continuum Surface Force (CSF) model was used to simplify the surface tension of the phase interface. The results showed that the maximum droplet migration velocity increased with the increase of temperature amplitude. And the droplet cycle period became shorter with the increase of temperature angular frequency. In the 1/4 cycle, the initial movement time of droplet decreased with the increase of temperature phase. If the phase was reversed, the initial movement direction of the droplet changed. With the increase of Reynolds number (Re), the droplet tended to maintain its motion inertia.

Modulation of Initial Movement for Double Potential Targets With Specific Time Constraints

In goal-directed behavior, individuals are often required to plan and execute a movement with multiple competing reach targets simultaneously. The time constraint assigned to the target is an important factor that affect the initial movement planning, but the adjustments made to the starting behavior considering the time constraints specific to each target have not yet been clarified. The current study examined how humans adjusted their motor planning for double potential targets with independent time constraints under a go-before-you-know situation. The results revealed that the initial movements were modulated depending on the time constraints for potential targets. However, under tight time constraints, the performance in the double-target condition was lower than the single-target condition, which was a control condition implemented to estimate performance when one target is ignored. These results indicate that the initial movement for multiple potential targets with independent time constraints can be modified, but the planning is suboptimal.

Modulation of initial movement for double potential targets with specific time constraints

In goal-directed behavior, individuals are often required to plan and execute a movement with multiple competing reach targets simultaneously. The time constraint assigned to the target is an important factor that affect the initial movement planning, but the adjustments made to the starting behavior considering the time constraints specific to each target have not yet been clarified. The current study examined how humans adjusted their motor planning for double potential targets with independent time constraints under a go-before-you-know situation. The results revealed that the initial movements were modulated depending on the time constraints for potential targets. However, under tight time constraints, the performance in the double-target condition was lower than the single-target condition, which was a control condition implemented to estimate performance when one target is ignored. These results indicate that the initial movement for multiple potential targets with independent time constraints can be modified, but the planning is suboptimal.

Different planning policies for the initial movement velocity depending on whether the known uncertainty is in the cursor or in the target: Motor planning in situations where two potential movement distances exist

During goal-directed behaviors, individuals are required to start a movement before deciding on the final goal. Previous studies have focused on the initial movement direction in situations involving multiple targets in different directions from the starting position and have shown that the movement is initiated in the average direction among the target directions. However, the previous studies only included situations with targets at equivalent distances, and the characteristics of motor planning in situations with multiple movement possibilities over different potential distances are unclear. In such situations, movement velocity is another important control variable. Furthermore, while previous studies examined situations with an uncertain motor target, uncertainty can also exist in the effector (e.g., body or tool locations). Therefore, we examined (1) whether the average output is confirmed in the initial movement velocity during execution in situations involving two potential movements with different distances. In addition, we examined (2) whether planning of the movement velocity can differ depending on the presence of uncertainty in the cursor or the target. In the main conditions, the participants were required to start a reaching movement with two potential movement distances; in the two-cursor condition, two cursors were presented before the start of the trial, and in the two-target condition, two targets were presented. As a control condition, a distance condition corresponding to each main condition was also performed. In the control condition, the initial movement velocity varied linearly with distance. Then, we tested whether the initial movement velocity in situations with two potential movement distances would follow the averaging output of the corresponding control condition. The results revealed that while the initial movement velocity in the two-target condition was slower than the averaging output, that in the two-cursor condition approached the averaging output. These results suggest that the velocity profile of the goal-directed movement is not simply averaged in a situation where two potential targets exist, and that there is a difference in the planning policy of the initial movement depending on whether the known uncertainty is for the movement goal or the effector.

Beethoven, Symphony No. 2 in D, op. 36/i (Adagio molto–Allegro con brio)

This chapter moves on from Mozart and Haydn to consider an early-nineteenth-century movement from Beethoven, the initial movement of his Symphony No. 2, written at the onset of what he considered to be an aesthetic “new path” of composition (and which we tend to regard as the onset of his “middle period”). While the parallels between this movement and that of Haydn’s Symphony No. 100 (chapter 5) are clear—a major-to-minor “fall” in the introduction, themes with “military” connotations, a drive toward a triumphant conclusion, and the like—the differences between the two are equally instructive. With Beethoven we are thrown into a more turbulent musical world, where the classical norms of late-eighteenth-century sonata practice are exaggerated, hyper-dramatized, and sometimes overridden (with “deformations”). The older “default” norms of sonata practice begin to be regularly challenged, and with them arises a new, proto-romantic sense of “listening” and “understanding.” Once past the initial historical backdrop and reframing of Sonata Theory for the onset of a new century, the close reading of the movement that takes up the most of the chapter argues that a central issue in the movement is that of major-minor conflict, where the introduction’s “fall” into minor is not overcome until the climactic post-sonata coda. In part this also prepares the reader for the extended discussions of the minor-mode sonata in the ensuing chapter.

Stochastics of pipeline vibrations under dynamic interna

Рассматриваются колебания заполненного жидкостью трубопровода относительно горизонтальной оси, опирающегося на две опоры - одна из которых неподвижна, другая может смещаться в горизонтальном направлении. Начальное движение трубы характеризуется её изгибным отклонением в вертикальной плоскости, угловым во вращательном движении вокруг горизонтальной оси и гидравлическим ударом, при действии которого внутреннее давление на стенки трубы приобретает вид δ -толчков. Исходная система уравнений колебаний трубопровода приводится к уравнению Дуффинга. В переменных «действие-угол» получена граница стохастичности, которая отделяет детерминированную область решения от стохастической. Получено диффузионное уравнение типа Фоккера-Планка-Колмогорова, решение которого определяет функцию плотности вероятности, с помощью которой можно находить случайные параметры колебаний трубы для оценки её движения. Vibrations of a liquid-filled pipeline relative to the horizontal axis are considered. The pipe is supported by two supports - a movable and a fixed one. The initial movement of the pipe is characterized by is bending, angular deflection and hydraulic shok, after which the internal pressure on the pipe walls takes the form of δ -shoks. The system of equations for pipeline vibrations is reduced to the Duffing equation. A stochasticity boundary is obtained that divides the deterministic domain of the solution from the stochastic one. The Fokker-Plank-Kolmogorov diffusion equation is obtained, which makes it possible to determine the standard deviation of the bending vibrations of the pipe.

The backlift techniques of cricketers in the Indian Premier League: batting implications for the shorter format

Cricket batting is a complex movement which can be broken down into a number of components such as the grip, stance, initial movement, backlift, downswing and followthrough. The batting backlift technique (BBT) is an important component of the overall batting technique, when the batsman lifts the bat in preparation for the downswing when impact is made with the ball. Research has demonstrated that the BBT appears to be a key contributing factor to successful batsmanship. For the purpose of this study, video footage of players from the Indian Premier League (IPL) season was analysed (n = 30). This was used to identify the type of BBT employed by the batsmen at the moment the bowler released the ball. The number of players using a lateral batting backlift technique (LBBT) (n = 27) was significantly greater than those using a straight batting backlift technique (SBBT) (χ2 = 19.2, df = 1, p < 0.001). The results showed that 90% of the top performing IPL batsmen during the 2016 season did not adopt the traditionally taught SBBT. Instead, they adopted a more looped action in which the movement of the bat at the moment the bowler released the ball was in the direction of the slips (i.e.: the fielders positioned at an angle behind the batsmen). From this study, it can be postulated that a LBBT is a key contributing factor for batting success, at least in the shorter version of the game, as represented by T20 cricket. It is suggested that in order to score at a rapid rate, as required in T20 games, a LBBT is more effective for batsmen (particularly for presenting an open face of the bat), whereas a SBBT, which is a more a defensive action, may be more suitable for use in the more extended Test match version of the game.