Validating a Newly Proposed Classification System for Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: Looking to the Future of the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score

Object The aim of this study was to review the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS) and to demonstrate its application through a series of spine trauma cases. Methods The Spine Trauma Study Group collaborated to create and report the TLICS system. The TLICS system is reviewed and applied to 3 cases of thoracolumbar spine trauma. Results The TLICS system identifies 3 major injury characteristics to describe thoracolumbar spine injuries: injury morphology, posterior ligamentous complex integrity, and neurological status. In addition, minor injury characteristics such as injury level, confounding variables (such as ankylosing spondylitis), multiple injuries, and chest wall injuries are also identified. Each major characteristic is assigned a numerical score, weighted by severity of injury, which is then summated to yield the injury severity score. The TLICS system has demonstrated initial success and its use is increasing. Limitations of the TLICS system exist and, in some instances, have yet to be addressed. Despite these limitations, the severity score may provide a basis to judge spinal stability and the need for surgical intervention. Conclusions By addressing both the posterior ligamentous integrity and the patient's neurological status, the TLICS system attempts to overcome the limitations of prior thoracolumbar classification systems. The TLICS system has demonstrated both validity and reliability and has also been shown to be readily learned and incorporated into clinical practice.

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Clinical results of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma treated according to the Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/2014.2.spine121114 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 562-567 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Andrei F. Joaquim ◽

Enrico Ghizoni ◽

Helder Tedeschi ◽

Ulysses Caus Batista ◽

Alpesh A. Patel

Keyword(s):

Severity Score ◽

Spinal Injury ◽

Thoracolumbar Spine ◽

Consecutive Series ◽

Spine Trauma ◽

Thoracolumbar Injury ◽

Group 2 ◽

Injury Classification ◽

Group 1

Object The Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS) was developed to improve injury classification and guide surgical decision making, yet validation remains necessary. This study evaluates the neurological outcome of patients with thoracolumbar spine trauma (TLST) treated according to the TLICS. Methods The TLICS was prospectively applied to a consecutive series of patients treated for TLST between 2009 and 2012. Patients with a TLICS of 4 points or more were surgically treated, whereas patients with a TLICS of 3 points or fewer were conservatively managed. The primary outcome was the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS). Results A total of 65 patients were treated. In 37 patients, the TLICS was 3 points or fewer and the patients were treated nonsurgically (Group 1). The remaining 28 patients with a TLICS of 4 or more points underwent surgical treatment (Group 2). In Group 1, 28 patients underwent some follow-up at the authors' institution; all of these patients were neurologically intact with compression or burst fractures (TLICS of 1 or 2 points; median 2). The average age in this group was 44.5 years, and follow-up ranged from 1 to 36 months (mean 6.7 months, median 3 months). Two patients (both with a TLICS of 2 points) underwent late surgery for axial back pain and mild focal kyphosis, without significant clinical improvement. In Group 2, follow-up ranged from 1 to 18 months (mean 4.4 months, median 3 months) and the TLICS ranged from 4 to 10 points (median 7 points). In this group, preoperatively, 9 (32%) patients had AIS Grade E injuries, 6 (21%) had AIS Grade C, 1 (4%) had AIS Grade B, and 12 (43%) had AIS Grade A injuries. At the final follow-up, the AIS grade was E in 11 patients (39%), D in 5 (18%), and A in 12 (43%). No patient had neurological worsening during the follow-up. Conclusions The TLICS can be used to guide treatment that is safe with regard to the neurological status of patients treated for TLST.

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Thoracolumbar injury classification and severity score: a new paradigm for the treatment of thoracolumbar spine trauma

Journal of Orthopaedic Science ◽

10.1007/s00776-005-0956-y ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 671-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

Joon Y. Lee ◽

Alexander R. Vaccaro ◽

Moe R. Lim ◽

F.C. Öner ◽

R. John Hulbert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severity Score ◽

Thoracolumbar Spine ◽

Spine Trauma ◽

New Paradigm ◽

Thoracolumbar Injury ◽

Injury Classification

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Reliability assessment of AOSpine thoracolumbar spine injury classification system and Thoracolumbar Injury Classification and Severity Score (TLICS) for thoracolumbar spine injuries: results of a multicentre study

European Spine Journal ◽

10.1007/s00586-016-4663-5 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 1470-1476 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Rahul Kaul ◽

Harvinder Singh Chhabra ◽

Alexander R. Vaccaro ◽

Rainer Abel ◽

Sagun Tuli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multicentre Study ◽

Classification System ◽

Severity Score ◽

Thoracolumbar Spine ◽

Reliability Assessment ◽

Spine Injury ◽

Thoracolumbar Injury ◽

Spine Injuries ◽

Injury Classification

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Subaxial cervical spine trauma classification: the Subaxial Injury Classification system and case examples

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/foc.2008.25.11.e8 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. E8 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Alpesh A. Patel ◽

Andrew Dailey ◽

Darrel S. Brodke ◽

Michael Daubs ◽

Paul A. Anderson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Classification System ◽

Severity Score ◽

Injury Severity ◽

Neurological Status ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Spine Trauma ◽

Prognostic Information ◽

Cervical Trauma ◽

Injury Characteristics ◽

Injury Classification

Object The authors review a novel subaxial cervical trauma classification system and demonstrate its application through a series of cervical trauma cases. Methods The Spine Trauma Study Group collaborated to create the Subaxial Injury Classification (SLIC) and Severity score. The SLIC system is reviewed and is applied to 3 cases of subaxial cervical trauma. Results The SLIC system identifies 3 major injury characteristics to describe subaxial cervical injuries: injury morphology, discoligamentous complex integrity, and neurological status. Minor injury characteristics include injury level and osseous fractures. Each major characteristic is assigned a numerical score based upon injury severity. The sum of these scores constitutes the injury severity score. Conclusions By addressing both discoligamentous integrity and neurological status, the SLIC system may overcome major limitations of earlier classification systems. The system incorporates a number of critical clinical variables—including neurological status, absent in earlier systems—and is simple to apply and may provide both diagnostic and prognostic information.

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