scholarly journals Evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for the selection and maintenance of behavioural activity

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1684) ◽  
pp. 20150053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo G. Fiore ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan ◽  
Nicholas J. Strausfeld ◽  
Frank Hirth
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Behavioural Activity ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Associated Functions ◽  
Reliable Performance ◽  
Survival And Reproduction ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours

Survival and reproduction entail the selection of adaptive behavioural repertoires. This selection manifests as phylogenetically acquired activities that depend on evolved nervous system circuitries. Lorenz and Tinbergen already postulated that heritable behaviours and their reliable performance are specified by genetically determined programs. Here we compare the functional anatomy of the insect central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia to illustrate their role in mediating selection and maintenance of adaptive behaviours. Comparative analyses reveal that central complex and basal ganglia circuitries share comparable lineage relationships within clusters of functionally integrated neurons. These clusters are specified by genetic mechanisms that link birth time and order to their neuronal identities and functions. Their subsequent connections and associated functions are characterized by similar mechanisms that implement dimensionality reduction and transition through attractor states, whereby spatially organized parallel-projecting loops integrate and convey sensorimotor representations that select and maintain behavioural activity. In both taxa, these neural systems are modulated by dopamine signalling that also mediates memory-like processes. The multiplicity of similarities between central complex and basal ganglia suggests evolutionarily conserved computational mechanisms for action selection. We speculate that these may have originated from ancestral ground pattern circuitries present in the brain of the last common ancestor of insects and vertebrates.

The functional anatomy of disorders of the basal ganglia

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger L. Albin ◽  
Anne B. Young ◽  
John B. Penney
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Anatomy

Vascular bed-specific endothelium-dependent vasomomotor relaxation in the hagfish, Myxine glutinosa

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. R894-R900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Feng ◽  
Kiichiro Yano ◽  
Rita Monahan-Earley ◽  
Ellen S. Morgan ◽  
Ann M. Dvorak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Leukocyte Adhesion ◽  
Lectin Binding ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Nitric Oxide Donor ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Ancestral Vertebrate

The last common ancestor of hagfish and gnathostomes was also the last common ancestor of all extant vertebrates that lived some time more than 500 million years ago. Features that are shared between hagfish and gnathostomes can be inferred to have already been present in this ancestral vertebrate. We recently reported that hagfish endothelium displays phenotypic heterogeneity in ultrastructure, lectin binding, and mechanisms of leukocyte adhesion. Thus, phenotypic cell heterogeneity evolved as an early feature of the endothelium. In the present study, we wanted to extend these observations by determining whether hagfish endothelium plays a role in mediating vasomotor tone. Response of mesenteric and skeletal muscle arteries to a variety of mediators was assayed by videomicroscopy. Phenylephrine and acetylcholine induced vasoconstriction of mesenteric and skeletal muscle arteries. Bradykinin (BK) and ADP promoted vasorelaxation in precontracted mesenteric arteries but not those from skeletal muscle. BK- and ADP-mediated vasorelaxation of the mesenteric artery was abrogated by mechanical denudation of the endothelium but was unaffected by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. Indomethacin significantly inhibited the vasodilatory response to ADP but not BK. The nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside resulted in endothelium-independent relaxation of both mesenteric and skeletal muscle arteries. Together, these data suggest that site-specific endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation is an evolutionarily conserved property of this cell lineage.

scholarly journals Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping of the Basal Ganglia and Thalamus at 9.4 Tesla

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinod Jangir Kumar ◽  
Klaus Scheffler ◽  
Gisela E. Hagberg ◽  
Wolfgang Grodd
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Anatomy ◽  
Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Paramagnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Ultra High Field

The thalamus (Th) and basal ganglia (BG) are central subcortical connectivity hubs of the human brain, whose functional anatomy is still under intense investigation. Nevertheless, both substructures contain a robust and reproducible functional anatomy. The quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at ultra-high field may facilitate an improved characterization of the underlying functional anatomy in vivo. We acquired high-resolution QSM data at 9.4 Tesla in 21 subjects, and analyzed the thalamic and BG by using a prior defined functional parcellation. We found a more substantial contribution of paramagnetic susceptibility sources such as iron in the pallidum in contrast to the caudate, putamen, and Th in descending order. The diamagnetic susceptibility sources such as myelin and calcium revealed significant contributions in the Th parcels compared with the BG. This study presents a detailed nuclei-specific delineation of QSM-provided diamagnetic and paramagnetic susceptibility sources pronounced in the BG and the Th. We also found a reasonable interindividual variability as well as slight hemispheric differences. The results presented here contribute to the microstructural knowledge of the Th and the BG. In specific, the study illustrates QSM values (myelin, calcium, and iron) in functionally similar subregions of the Th and the BG.

scholarly journals A lineage-related reciprocal inhibition circuitry for sensory-motor action selection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Kottler ◽  
Vincenzo G. Fiore ◽  
Zoe N. Ludlow ◽  
Edgar Buhl ◽  
Gerald Vinatier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Action Selection ◽  
Reciprocal Inhibition ◽  
Central Complex ◽  
Genetic Manipulations ◽  
Behavioural Activity ◽  
Gating Mechanism ◽  
Sensory Motor ◽  
Motor Actions

ABSTRACTThe insect central complex and vertebrate basal ganglia are forebrain centres involved in selection and maintenance of behavioural actions. However, little is known about the formation of the underlying circuits, or how they integrate sensory information for motor actions. Here, we show that paired embryonic neuroblasts generate central complex ring neurons that mediate sensory-motor transformation and action selection in Drosophila. Lineage analysis resolves four ring neuron subtypes, R1-R4, that form GABAergic inhibition circuitry among inhibitory sister cells. Genetic manipulations, together with functional imaging, demonstrate subtype-specific R neurons mediate the selection and maintenance of behavioural activity. A computational model substantiates genetic and behavioural observations suggesting that R neuron circuitry functions as salience detector using competitive inhibition to amplify, maintain or switch between activity states. The resultant gating mechanism translates facilitation, inhibition and disinhibition of behavioural activity as R neuron functions into selection of motor actions and their organisation into action sequences.

scholarly journals The Functional Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia of Birds

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 160-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Medina ◽  
A. Reiner ◽  
Y. Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Functional Anatomy
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