ABSTRACTIn filamentous fungi, cell-to-cell recognition is a fundamental requirement for the formation, development, and maintenance of complex hyphal networks. Basically, self/compatible individuals within the fungal species are capable of fusing together, a step important for crossbreeding, which results in the formation of viable vegetative heterokaryons. Conversely, the fusion of incompatible individuals does not result in the formation of viable hyphal networks, but it often leads to growth inhibition or cell death. Even though a number of studies have been conducted to investigate such incompatibility, the understanding of the associated molecular mechanism is still limited, and this restricts the possibility of crossbreeding incompatible individuals. Therefore, in this study, the characteristics of compatibility/incompatibility in the industrial filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, were comprehensively investigated. Protoplast fusion and co-culture assays indicated the existence of a correlation between strain phylogeny and compatibility/incompatibility features. Time-course fluorescence observations were employed to investigate the types of incompatible responses that are induced at different cellular levels upon incompatible cell fusion, which eventually lead to cell death. Propidium iodide-indicated cell death, ROS accumulation, and mitochondrial fragmentation were identified as the major responses, with mitochondrial fragmentation showing the most significant subcellular change immediately after incompatible cell fusion. Furthermore, the deletions of mitochondrial fission-related genes Aofis1 and Aodnm1 in incompatible pairing alleviated cell death, indicating that mitochondrial fission is an important mechanism by which incompatibility-triggered cell death occurs. Therefore, this study provides new insights about heterokaryon incompatibility.IMPORTANCEFor a long time, it was believed that as an asexual fungus, A. oryzae does not exhibit any sexual cycle. However, the fungus has two mating types, indicating the potential for sexual reproduction besides a known parasexual cycle. Therefore, given that viable heterokaryon formation following cell fusion is an important step required for genetic crossing, we explored the mechanism of incompatibility, which restricts the possibility of cell fusion in A. oryzae. Protoplast fusion and co-culture assays led to the identification of various vegetative compatible groups. Mitochondrial fragmentation was found to be the most significant incompatible cellular response that occurred in organelles during incompatible pairing, while the deletion of mitochondrial fission-related genes was identified as a strategy used to alleviate incompatibility-triggered cell death. Thus, this study revealed a novel mechanism by which mitochondrial fission regulates incompatible responses.
Heterokaryon Incompatibility and Interspecific Hybridization between Verticillium albo-atrum and Verticillium dahliae Following Protoplast Fusion and Microinjection