scholarly journals Dendritic calcium signals in rhesus macaque motor cortex drive an optical brain-computer interface

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Trautmann ◽  
Daniel J. O’Shea ◽  
Xulu Sun ◽  
James H. Marshel ◽  
Ailey Crow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Calcium Signals ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Motor Cortical

AbstractCalcium imaging has rapidly developed into a powerful tool for recording from large populations of neurons in vivo. Imaging in rhesus macaque motor cortex can enable the discovery of new principles of motor cortical function and can inform the design of next generation brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Surface two-photon (2P) imaging, however, cannot presently access somatic calcium signals of neurons from all layers of macaque motor cortex due to photon scattering. Here, we demonstrate an implant and imaging system capable of chronic, motion-stabilized two-photon (2P) imaging of calcium signals from in macaques engaged in a motor task. By imaging apical dendrites, some of which originated from deep layer 5 neurons, as as well as superficial cell bodies, we achieved optical access to large populations of deep and superficial cortical neurons across dorsal premotor (PMd) and gyral primary motor (M1) cortices. Dendritic signals from individual neurons displayed tuning for different directions of arm movement, which was stable across many weeks. Combining several technical advances, we developed an optical BCI (oBCI) driven by these dendritic signals and successfully decoded movement direction online. By fusing 2P functional imaging with CLARITY volumetric imaging, we verify that an imaged dendrite, which contributed to oBCI decoding, originated from a putative Betz cell in motor cortical layer 5. This approach establishes new opportunities for studying motor control and designing BCIs.

scholarly journals Dendritic calcium signals in rhesus macaque motor cortex drive an optical brain-computer interface

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric M. Trautmann ◽  
Daniel J. O’Shea ◽  
Xulu Sun ◽  
James H. Marshel ◽  
Ailey Crow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Calcium Signals ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Photon Imaging ◽  
Two Photon Imaging

AbstractCalcium imaging is a powerful tool for recording from large populations of neurons in vivo. Imaging in rhesus macaque motor cortex can enable the discovery of fundamental principles of motor cortical function and can inform the design of next generation brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Surface two-photon imaging, however, cannot presently access somatic calcium signals of neurons from all layers of macaque motor cortex due to photon scattering. Here, we demonstrate an implant and imaging system capable of chronic, motion-stabilized two-photon imaging of neuronal calcium signals from macaques engaged in a motor task. By imaging apical dendrites, we achieved optical access to large populations of deep and superficial cortical neurons across dorsal premotor (PMd) and gyral primary motor (M1) cortices. Dendritic signals from individual neurons displayed tuning for different directions of arm movement. Combining several technical advances, we developed an optical BCI (oBCI) driven by these dendritic signalswhich successfully decoded movement direction online. By fusing two-photon functional imaging with CLARITY volumetric imaging, we verified that many imaged dendrites which contributed to oBCI decoding originated from layer 5 output neurons, including a putative Betz cell. This approach establishes new opportunities for studying motor control and designing BCIs via two photon imaging.

scholarly journals Motor cortical control of movement speed with implications for brain-machine interface control

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Golub ◽  
Byron M. Yu ◽  
Andrew B. Schwartz ◽  
Steven M. Chase
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Single Trial ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Lower Accuracy ◽  
Motor Cortical ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Motor cortex plays a substantial role in driving movement, yet the details underlying this control remain unresolved. We analyzed the extent to which movement-related information could be extracted from single-trial motor cortical activity recorded while monkeys performed center-out reaching. Using information theoretic techniques, we found that single units carry relatively little speed-related information compared with direction-related information. This result is not mitigated at the population level: simultaneously recorded population activity predicted speed with significantly lower accuracy relative to direction predictions. Furthermore, a unit-dropping analysis revealed that speed accuracy would likely remain lower than direction accuracy, even given larger populations. These results suggest that the instantaneous details of single-trial movement speed are difficult to extract using commonly assumed coding schemes. This apparent paucity of speed information takes particular importance in the context of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), which rely on extracting kinematic information from motor cortex. Previous studies have highlighted subjects' difficulties in holding a BMI cursor stable at targets. These studies, along with our finding of relatively little speed information in motor cortex, inspired a speed-dampening Kalman filter (SDKF) that automatically slows the cursor upon detecting changes in decoded movement direction. Effectively, SDKF enhances speed control by using prevalent directional signals, rather than requiring speed to be directly decoded from neural activity. SDKF improved success rates by a factor of 1.7 relative to a standard Kalman filter in a closed-loop BMI task requiring stable stops at targets. BMI systems enabling stable stops will be more effective and user-friendly when translated into clinical applications.

scholarly journals Comparing Cerebellar and Motor Cortical Activity in Reaching and Grasping

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (S3) ◽  
pp. S53-S61 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Smith Allan ◽  
Dugas Clause ◽  
Fortier Pierre ◽  
Kalasha John ◽  
Picard Nathalie
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Grip Force ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Motor Strategies ◽  
Premotor Areas

ABSTRACT:The activity of single cells in the cerebellar and motor cortex of awake monkeys was recorded during separate studies of whole-arm reaching movements and during the application of force-pulse perturbations to handheld objects. Two general observations about the contribution of the cerebellum to the control of movement emerge from the data. The first, derived from the study of whole arm reaching, suggests that although both the motor cortex and cerebellum generate a signal related to movement direction, the cerebellar signal is less precise and varies from trial to trial even when the movement kinematics remain unchanged. The second observation, derived from the study of predictable perturbations of a hand-held object, indicates that cerebellar cortical neurons better reflect preparatory motor strategies formed from the anticipation of cutaneous and proprioceptive stimuli acquired by previous experience. In spite of strong relations to grip force and receptive fields stimulated by preparatory grip forces increase, the neurons of the percentral motor cortex showed very little anticipatory activity compared with either the premotor areas or the cerebellum.

scholarly journals Inferring cortical function in the mouse visual system through large-scale systems neuroscience

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (27) ◽  
pp. 7337-7344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hawrylycz ◽  
Costas Anastassiou ◽  
Anton Arkhipov ◽  
Jim Berg ◽  
Michael Buice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Scientific Mission ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
And Behavior

The scientific mission of the Project MindScope is to understand neocortex, the part of the mammalian brain that gives rise to perception, memory, intelligence, and consciousness. We seek to quantitatively evaluate the hypothesis that neocortex is a relatively homogeneous tissue, with smaller functional modules that perform a common computational function replicated across regions. We here focus on the mouse as a mammalian model organism with genetics, physiology, and behavior that can be readily studied and manipulated in the laboratory. We seek to describe the operation of cortical circuitry at the computational level by comprehensively cataloging and characterizing its cellular building blocks along with their dynamics and their cell type-specific connectivities. The project is also building large-scale experimental platforms (i.e., brain observatories) to record the activity of large populations of cortical neurons in behaving mice subject to visual stimuli. A primary goal is to understand the series of operations from visual input in the retina to behavior by observing and modeling the physical transformations of signals in the corticothalamic system. We here focus on the contribution that computer modeling and theory make to this long-term effort.

scholarly journals Motor cortical plasticity in response to skill acquisition in adult monkeys

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur Gupta ◽  
Abdulraheem Nashef ◽  
Sharon Israely ◽  
Michal Segal ◽  
Ran Harel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Cortical Plasticity ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Cortical Region ◽  
Cortical Maps ◽  
Specific Outcome ◽  
Motor Cortical

SummaryCortical maps often undergo plastic changes during learning or in response to injury. In sensory areas, these changes are thought to be triggered by alterations in the pattern of converging inputs and a functional reassignment of the deprived cortical region. In the motor cortex, training on a task that engages distal effectors was shown to increase their cortical representation (as measured by response to intracortical microstimulation). However, this expansion could be a specific outcome of using a demanding dexterous task. We addressed this question by measuring the long-term changes in cortical maps of monkeys that were sequentially trained on two different tasks involving either proximal or distal joints. We found that motor cortical remodeling in adult monkeys was symmetric such that both distal and proximal movements can comparably alter motor maps in a fully reversible manner according to task demands. Further, we found that the change in mapping often included a switch between remote joints (e.g., a finger site switched to a shoulder site) and reflected a usage-consistent reorganization of the map rather than the local expansion of one representation into nearby sites. Finally, although cortical maps were considerably affected by the performed task, motor cortical neurons throughout the motor cortex were equally likely to fire in a task-related manner independent of the task and/or the recording site. These results may imply that in the motor system, enhanced motor efficiency is achieved through a dynamical allocation of larger cortical areas and not by specific recruitment of task-relevant cells.

Probing the corticospinal link between the motor cortex and motoneurones: some neglected aspects of human motor cortical function

2010 ◽  
Vol 198 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Petersen ◽  
J. E Butler ◽  
J. L Taylor ◽  
S. C. Gandevia
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Motor Cortical

scholarly journals Information about movement direction obtained from synchronous activity of motor cortical neurons

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (26) ◽  
pp. 15706-15711 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Hatsopoulos ◽  
C. L. Ojakangas ◽  
L. Paninski ◽  
J. P. Donoghue
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Synchronous Activity ◽  
Motor Cortical

Self-Organization of Firing Activities in Monkey's Motor Cortex: Trajectory Computation from Spike Signals

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 607-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siming Lin ◽  
Jennie Si ◽  
A. B. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Population Vector ◽  
Vector Method ◽  
Preferred Direction ◽  
Motor Cortical ◽  
Self Organizing

The population vector method has been developed to combine the simultaneous direction-related activities of a population of motor cortical neurons to predict the trajectory of the arm movement. In this article, we consider a self-organizing model of a neural representation of the arm trajectory based on neuronal discharge rates. A self-organizing feature map (SOFM) is used to select the optimal set of weights in the model to determine the contribution of an individual neuron to an overall movement representation. The correspondence between movement directions and discharge patterns of the motor cortical neurons is established in the output map. The topology-preserving property of the SOFM is used to analyze the recorded data of a behaving monkey. The data used in this analysis were taken while the monkey was tracing spirals and doing center→out movements. The arm trajectory could be well predicted using such a statistical model based on the motor cortex neuronal firing information. The SOFM method is compared with the population vector method, which extracts information related to trajectory by assuming that each cell has a fixed preferred direction during the task. This implies that these cells are acting along lines labeled only for direction. However, extradirectional information is carried in these cell responses. The SOFM has the capability of extracting not only direction-related information but also other parameters that are consistently represented in the activity of the recorded population of cells.

In vivo two-photon imaging of sensory-evoked dendritic calcium signals in cortical neurons

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongbo Jia ◽  
Nathalie L Rochefort ◽  
Xiaowei Chen ◽  
Arthur Konnerth
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Calcium Signals ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Photon Imaging ◽  
Two Photon Imaging ◽  
Sensory Evoked

Fast ballistic arm movements triggered by visual, auditory, and somesthetic stimuli in the monkey. II. Effects of unilateral dentate lesion on discharge of precentral cortical neurons and reaction time

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 1359-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Spidalieri ◽  
L. Busby ◽  
Y. Lamarre
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Cortical Cells ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Motor Cortical

Single-unit recordings from motor cortex (area 4) were obtained before and after dentate lesion in two monkeys executing fast elbow flexions and extensions in response to randomly presented visual, auditory, and somesthetic stimuli. There were no starting or ending reference points or preparatory signals. Monkeys were trained to perform movements larger than 15 degrees within 500 ms of the stimulus presentation. After electrolytic lesion of the dentate nucleus ipsilateral to the trained arm, changes in reaction time (RT) were observed. Mean daily RTs of movements triggered by light and sound were lengthened by 50-70 ms. RTs of movements triggered by somesthetic stimuli were not changed in one monkey, whereas a small increase of only 20 ms was observed in the other animal. Spontaneous firing of precentral neurons was about the same before and after dentate lesion. However, movement-related responses of cortical neurons were affected by the lesion. Whenever there was an increase in RT according to the triggering stimuli, a corresponding increase in the response time of neurons (RS) appeared. Both RS and RT increased by the same amount when movements were triggered by visual and auditory stimuli, whereas they remained about the same when somesthetic stimuli were used to trigger movements. In contrast, the time interval between the appearance of the change of neuronal firing and onset of arm displacement (RM) was not modified after the lesion. Gating of sensory conditioning inputs and modification of RT by the presentation of more than one stimulus were not abolished by dentate lesion. As a whole, the effects of dentate lesion on motor cortical neurons are consistent with the hypothesis that the neocerebellum controls the initiation of simple ballistic limb movements by controlling the discharge of motor cortex neurons. The effects could be attributed to the withdrawal of a facilitatory influence of dentate neurons on the motor cortical cells, particularly for movements triggered by teleceptive inputs.

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