The accuracy of quantitative pulse-volume measurement with a calibrated electrical impedance plethysmograph was determined on a laboratory limb-segment model. Changes in electrical impedance detected via a tetraprolar electode configuration were related to pulse-volume changes by the parallel-impedance model described by Nyboer et al. (The Impedance Plethysmograph: An Electrical Volume Recorder. Natl. Res. Council, Comm. Aviation Med. 149, 1943). The instrument employed in this study calculated pulse volume assuming two standard conditions: distance between voltage electrodes, l, is 15 cm, and resistivitiy of blood, rho b, is 150 omega x cm. The effects of varying tissue and blood resistivity, pulse frequency, and electrode distance were investigated. Measurements under three ionically distinct conditions gave an overall accuracy of 96.6% with correlation coefficients of 0.99 for each condition. Measurement accuracy was maintained with a pulse-frequency variation in the range of 15-150 pulses/min and with application of correction factors for electrode distance and blood resistivity other than the standard values.
Effect of blood's velocity on blood resistivity