Inter-cell interference has been identified as one of the major challenges of multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO)-enabled cellular systems. This problem occurs when the same pilot sets are reused across adjacent cells to save bandwidth for data transmission. As a result, so-called pilot contamination occurs, which cannot be mitigated with an increased number of serving antennas. In this work, we proposed a partial pilot allocation scheme (PPA) to tackle the pilot contamination problem and consequently improve the uplink throughput of users in multi-cell massive MIMO systems. This was achieved by using the large-scale characteristics of the fading channel to keep users with a weak channel condition out of the effect of severe interference during the pilot allocation process. Simulation results showed that the proposed scheme outperformed both smart pilot allocation (SPA) and conventional schemes. In particular, PPA improved the uplink rate by 30% compared to the SPA—a recently proposed schema. Furthermore, our simulation results clearly showed that PPA improved the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and uplink throughput.
Deep CNN based Pilot Allocation Scheme in Massive MIMO systems
