Strategic Escape Direction: Orientation, Turning, and Escape Trajectories of Zebra-Tailed Lizards (Callisaurus draconoides)

Ethology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 122 (7) ◽  
pp. 542-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Cooper ◽  
Wade C. Sherbrooke
Keyword(s):  
Escape Trajectories

Segmental differences in pathways between crayfish giant axons and fast flexor motoneurons

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Miller ◽  
G. Hagiwara ◽  
J. J. Wine
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Behavior Pattern ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Command Neurons ◽  
Additional Input ◽  
Premotor Neurons ◽  
Escape Trajectories ◽  
Escape Responses

We have used electrophysiological techniques to document segmental differences in the pathways between the giant, escape command axons, lateral giants (LG) and medial giants (MG), and the nongiant, fast flexor (FF) motoneurons. We found no difference in the input from LG and MG axons to FF motoneurons in the posterior (4th and 5th) ganglia. Since flexor motor output in these segments would be inconsistent with the LG-evoked behavior pattern, this finding was puzzling. Electromyographic (EMG) recordings during escape responses by intact unrestrained animals confirm that the FF muscles innervated by the posterior ganglia are not excited during LG-mediated tailflips, but are excited during MG-mediated tailflips. In the 2nd and 3rd ganglia, the command axons fire the FF motoneurons with high probability, in part via electrical excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) from premotor neurons, the segmental giants (SG). In the 4th and 5th ganglia, the equivalent pathway is much less effective. Single, directly elicited impulses in SGs in ganglia 2 and 3 fire their respective FF motoneurons with high probability, while those in ganglia 4 and 5 rarely fire FF motoneurons. The command axons fire the SGs reliably in all segments. The amplitude of the SG-evoked EPSP in FF motoneurons is significantly smaller in posterior vs. anterior ganglia. For technical reasons, we are unable to present conclusive evidence on ganglionic variations in FF-motoneuron thresholds. The FF motoneurons receive additional excitatory input from intersegmental interneurons recruited by the command neurons. Motoneurons in ganglia 4 and 5 are excited by large interneurons that do not synapse on motoneurons in ganglia 2 and 3, but this additional input is not sufficient to compensate for the weaker effect of SG input. Unlike the all-or-none segmental differences demonstrated previously for the LG-to-motor giant pathway (24), the SG-to-FF pathway changes gradually, retains significant though subthreshold strength in posterior ganglia, and is common to both LGs and MGs. These features provide opportunities for variation in the spatial patterning of flexion and in the resulting escape trajectories.

Prey behaviors during fleeing: escape trajectories, signaling, and sensory defenses

2015 ◽  
pp. 199-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Domenici ◽  
Graeme D. Ruxton
Keyword(s):  
Escape Trajectories

scholarly journals Escape Trajectories from the L2 Point of the Earth-Moon System

2014 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Keita TANAKA ◽  
Jun'ichiro KAWAGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Moon System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Escape Trajectories

scholarly journals Design Of Lunar-Gravity-Assisted Escape Trajectories

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1374-1390
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Casalino ◽  
Gregory Lantoine
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Gravity ◽  
Gravity Assist ◽  
Analytical Treatment ◽  
Direct Optimization ◽  
Earth Asteroid ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Escape Trajectories ◽  
Gravity Assists ◽  
Lunar Gravity Assist ◽  
Near Earth Asteroids

AbstractLunar gravity assist is a means to boost the energy and C3 of an escape trajectory. Trajectories with two lunar gravity assists are considered and analyzed. Two approaches are applied and tested for the design of missions aimed at Near-Earth asteroids. In the first method, indirect optimization of the heliocentric leg is combined to an approximate analytical treatment of the geocentric phase for short escape trajectories. In the second method, the results of pre-computed maps of escape C3 are employed for the design of longer Sun-perturbed escape sequences combined with direct optimization of the heliocentric leg. Features are compared and suggestions about a combined use of the approaches are presented. The techniques are efficiently applied to the design of a mission to a near-Earth asteroid.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Control of Behavior: Engrailed Knock-Out Changes Cockroach Escape Trajectories

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (22) ◽  
pp. 7181-7190 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Booth ◽  
B. Marie ◽  
P. Domenici ◽  
J. M. Blagburn ◽  
J. P. Bacon
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Escape Trajectories

Investigations: EEK—a cockroach!

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 364-371
Author(s):  
Laurie St. Julien
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Real World ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Newspaper Article ◽  
Unique Problem ◽  
Escape Trajectories ◽  
World Information

Why would a person who is terrified of cockroaches use them in a math lesson? The idea for this investigation did not occur to me until I read a newspaper article that described Italian scientist Paolo Domenici's research about cockroaches' escape trajectories. In particular, he found that cockroaches have preferred escape trajectories of 90, 120, 150, and 180 degrees from the source of danger (Domenici et al. 2008). Because this real-world information presents a unique problem-solving context for fifth graders to explore angles formed by clockwise and counterclockwise rotations, I overcame my fear of the creatures to develop this investigation.

Escape Trajectories for Martian Moons eXplorer using Chemical and Electric Propulsion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Horikawa ◽  
Takanao Saiki ◽  
Yasuhiro Kawakatsu ◽  
Hiroaki Yoshimura
Keyword(s):  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Escape Trajectories

Optimal Low-Thrust Escape Trajectories Using Gravity Assist

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 637-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Casalino ◽  
Guido Colasurdo ◽  
Dario Pastrone
Keyword(s):  
Low Thrust ◽  
Gravity Assist ◽  
Escape Trajectories

Variational Model for Optimization of Finite-Burn Escape Trajectories Using a Direct Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 598-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar A. Ocampo ◽  
Ravishankar Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Direct Method ◽  
Variational Model ◽  
Escape Trajectories ◽  
A Direct Method

Searching for capture and escape trajectories around Jupiter using its Galilean satellites

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. F. B. A. Prado ◽  
V. M. Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Galilean Satellites ◽  
Escape Trajectories
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