AbstractPersistent activity of protein kinase M (PKM), the truncated form of protein kinase C (PKC), can maintain long-term changes in synaptic strength in many systems including the hermaphrodite marine mollusk, Aplysia californica. Moreover, different types of long-term facilitation (LTF) in cultured Aplysia sensorimotor synapses rely on the activities of different PKM isoforms in the presynaptic sensory neuron and postsynaptic motor neuron. When the atypical PKM isoform was required, the kidney and brain expressed adaptor protein (KIBRA) was also required. Here, we explore how this isoform specificity is established. We find that PKM overexpression in the motor neuron, but not the sensory neuron, is sufficient to increase synaptic strength and that this activity is not isoform specific. KIBRA is not the rate-limiting step in facilitation since overexpression of KIBRA is neither sufficient to increase synaptic strength, nor to prolong a form of PKM-dependent intermediate synaptic facilitation. However, the isoform specificity of dominant negative (DN)-PKMs to erase LTF is correlated with isoform specific competition for stabilization by KIBRA. We identify a new conserved region of KIBRA. Different splice isoforms in this region stabilize different PKMs based on the isoform-specific sequence of an alpha-helix ‘handle’ in the PKMs. Thus, specific stabilization of distinct PKMs by different isoforms of KIBRA can explain the isoform specificity of PKMs during LTF in Aplysia.Significance StatementLong lasting changes in synaptic plasticity associated with memory formation are maintained by persistent protein kinases. We have previously shown in the Aplysia sensorimotor model that distinct isoforms of persistently active protein kinase Cs (PKMs) maintain distinct forms of long-lasting synaptic changes, even when both forms are expressed in the same motor neuron. Here, we show that, while the effects of overexpression of PKMs in not isoform specific, isoform specificity is defined by a ‘handle’ helix in PKMs that confers stabilization by distinct splice forms in a previously undefined domain of the adaptor protein KIBRA. Thus, we define new regions in both KIBRA and PKMs that define the isoform specificity for maintaining synaptic strength in distinct facilitation paradigms.
Protein kinase G-dependent mechanisms modulate hypoglossal motoneuronal excitability and long-term facilitation