Control of fusiform initial orientation in the vascular cambium of Abies balsamea stems by indol-3-ylacetic acid

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 1120-1128 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zagórska-Marek ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Anticlinal Wall ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Tracheid Differentiation ◽  
Traumatic Resin Canals ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Ylacetic Acid ◽  
Fusiform Initial

Fusiform initial reorientation, deduced from changes in tracheid arrangement, was investigated in helical bridges left after Abies balsamea stems were girdled. The first responses included an increase in the number of S- and Z-oriented anticlinal divisions without any change in their ratio, a decrease in fusiform initial length, and the formation of traumatic resin canals. Subsequently, normal tracheid differentiation resumed, the frequency of anticlinal divisions further increased, and there was an increase in the number of oriented intrusive growth events. The orientations of the anticlinal wall and of the intrusive growth were predominantly in the direction that eventually would result in the fusiform initials being aligned parallel to the bridge angle. The application of exogenous indol-3-ylacetic acid to the upper edge of a helical bridge inhibited fusiform initial reorientation, mainly by decreasing the frequency of oriented intrusive growth events. However, immediately below the application point, exogenous indol-3-ylacetic acid also induced the fusiform initials to begin temporarily to realign so as to be perpendicular to the bridge angle. The transport of a pulse of [1-14C]indol-3-ylacetic acid applied to the shoot apex was inhibited 1 day after girdling in both helical and longitudinal bridges, particularly the former, whereas it was inhibited only in helical bridges at the end of a subsequent 11-week growing period. The degree of inhibition in the helical bridges was greater the day after girdling than at the end of the growing period, during which interval fusiform initial reorientation occurred at the bottom of the bridge width. The results support the conclusion that the orientation of fusiform initials is parallel to the direction of indol-3-ylacetic acid transport.

Apical intrusive growth of cambial fusiform initials along the tangential walls of adjacent fusiform initials: evidence for a new concept

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Jura ◽  
Paweł Kojs ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Joanna Szymanowska-Pułka ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Radial Wall ◽  
Cambial Cell ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Periclinal Walls ◽  
Symplastic Growth ◽  
Wisteria Floribunda ◽  
Fusiform Initial

A new study of cambium of Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Wisteria floribunda (Willd.) DC provides fresh clues on the cambial dynamics, rejecting the hitherto held concept that intrusive growth of the fusiform initial occurs between the radial walls of adjacent initials. It demonstrates that intrusion of the elongating initial in fact takes place along tangential walls of adjacent fusiform initials and their immediate derivatives. It also suggests a new mechanism for ‘elimination of initials’. Intrusive growth of the fusiform initial was found to begin with development of characteristic slants, representing a transitional stage of the process of transformation of periclinal walls of fusiform initial cells into radial walls, as observed in transverse sections of active cambium. The gradually progressing event comprised (a) appearance of either a triangular microspace limited by two periclinal walls of a fusiform initial and its derivative and one radial wall of another fusiform initial in the adjacent radial file, or a rhomboidal microspace enclosed by four periclinal walls of two laterally adjacent fusiform initials and their immediate derivatives, (b) intrusion of elongating tip of fusiform initial from neighbouring file into the microspace thus formed, (c) symplastic growth of the cambial cell walls in radial direction, (d) unequal periclinal divisions of fusiform initial cells while growing intrusively, and (e) unequal periclinal divisions of derivative cells not growing intrusively. Intrusive growth between periclinal walls affected rearrangement of the fusiform initials but did not add to the cambial circumference. The existing concepts of (a) intrusion of the fusiform initial between radial walls of neighbouring initials and (b) elimination of fusiform initials from cambial surface have been reassessed and redefined.

Anatomy and histochemistry of Abies balsamea cambial zone cells during the onset and breaking of dormancy

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 2570-2579 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. T. Riding ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Radial Wall ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Color Shift ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Distinct Color ◽  
Ylacetic Acid

The anatomy and histochemistry of fusiform cambial zone cells were investigated (i) in shoots producing latewood tracheids at the time of collection in July and (ii) in dormant shoots. The latter were naturally or artificially chilled to obtain different stages along the rest–quiescence continuum, then placed for 4 weeks under environmental conditions favoring growth. The transition from active growth to rest was associated with increases in RNA, protein, and total insoluble carbohydrates and in peroxidase and succinic dehydrogenase activities. The rest–quiescence transition was correlated with additional increases in RNA and protein, an increase in lipid staining, radial wall thickness and plasmalemma infolding, and a decrease in vacuolar size. The DNA level did not appear to change; however, a distinct color shift occurred in nuclei stained for total protein. During the 4-week growth period, RNA, protein, total insoluble carbohydrates, and lipids decreased, most obviously in cambia that were fully quiescent at the start of the period. Xylem production and percentage of buds flushing during the growing period increased as the initial dormancy stage changed from rest to quiescence. Little, if any, xylem production occurred in debudded shoots unless indol-3-ylacetic acid (IAA) was supplied. Endogenous and exogenous lAA induced the same anatomical and histochemical responses.

Correlation of intrusive growth of cambial initials to rearrangement of rays in the vascular cambium

IAWA Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek ◽  
Joanna Jura-Morawiec ◽  
Paweł Kojs ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal ◽  
Wiesław Włoch
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Sylvestris ◽  
Vascular Cambium ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Hippophaë Rhamnoides ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Fusiform Initial ◽  
Ray Initials

It is well documented that apical elongation of fusiform cambial initials through extension of their longitudinal edges, and their intrusion between tangential walls of the neighbouring initials and their closest derivatives cause rearrangement of fusiform cells, without increasing the cambial circumference. However, the concurrent rearrangement of rays is not fully understood. This study deals with Pinus sylvestris L., Tilia cordata Mill. and Hippophaë rhamnoides L., possessing a nonstoreyed, storeyed and double-storeyed type of cambium, respectively, and shows that the mechanism for rearrangement of ray initials is similar to the one proposed for fusiform initials, and includes multiplication of ray initials by anticlinal divisions, intrusive growth of ray initials, elimination of ray initials caused by intrusive growth of neighbouring fusiform initials, and transformation of ray initials into fusiform initials. Intrusive growth of a ray initial does not necessarily lead to the formation of a new fusiform initial, as it is dependent on the extent of the intrusive growth taken place. The extent of rearrangement of cambial cells is determined by the intensity of events occurring among the fusiform as well as ray initials. Intrusive growth of these initials does not influence the size of the cambial circumference.

scholarly journals The formation of heterogeneous storeys in the cambium on the example of Laburnum anagyroides Medik

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wilczek
Keyword(s):  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Laburnum Anagyroides ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Heterogeneous Nature ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Fusiform Initial

The formation of the storeyed pattern of cambium in the first two years of cambial activity and the structure of mature cambium was examined in <i>Laburnum anagyroides</i>, a decorative shrub growing in temperate climate. A distinct storeyed pattern was observed in two-year-old stems, despite the presence of tall rays. The heterogeneous nature of storeys was revealed by the analysis of i) the number of fusiform initials forming storeys or groups of packets; and ii) the frequency of anticlinal divisions in the examined years of cambial activity and the calculation of the relative increase of the cambial circumference. The results are discussed on the basis of the recent hypothesis of intrusive growth of fusiform initial, occurring between the tangential walls of its neighbouring initial and its closest derivative.

Seasonal Variation in Traumatic Resin Canal Formation in Chamaecyparis Obtusa Phloem

IAWA Journal ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiko Kuroda
Keyword(s):  
Annual Ring ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Chamaecyparis Obtusa ◽  
Resin Canal ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Secondary Phloem ◽  
Resinous Stem Canker ◽  
Traumatic Resin Canals ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Artificial Wounding

Trunks of Chamaecyparis obtusa were injured to examine seasonal differences in traumatic resin canal formation in secondary phloem. Even after wounding during winter, differentiation of axial parenchyma into epithelium was initiated, and vertical resin canals formed. After winter wounding, resin canal development was slower and the tangential extent of resin canals was narrower than after spring wounding, and it took one to two months until resin secretion began. After spring wounding, the sites of resin canal formation were the 1- and 2-year-old annual rings of phloem. In August, the location of resin canal formation shifted into the current and 1-year-old annual ring. Resin canals never formed in secondary phloem areas that were 3 or more years old. In C. obtusa trunks that are affected by the resinous stem canker, numerous tangentiallines of resin canals are found throughout the phloem, not just recent and 1- to 2-year-old phloem. The present research indicates that these many lines of resin canals were not formed at one time, and that the stimuli that induce traumatic resin canals must occur repeatedly over many years. The data on artificial wounding effects are useful for understanding resinous stem canker.

scholarly journals Size variation in the vascular cambium and its derivatives in two Alstonia species

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moin A. Khan ◽  
Badruzzaman Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Size Variation ◽  
Tropical Tree Species ◽  
Edaphic Conditions ◽  
Appreciable Increase ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Xylem Ray Cells ◽  
Mother Cells ◽  
Xylem Fibers ◽  
Fusiform Initial

Two tropical tree species viz. Alstonia venenata Br. and Alstonia neriifolia Don. (Apocynaceae) were investigated to detect size variation in different elements of the cambium and its derivative tissues. Although these two species were grown under identical climatic and edaphic conditions, fusiform initial dimensions and the elements derived from them were larger in A. venenata than in A. neriifolia. Ray initials are rectangular in A. venenata but isodiametric in A. neriifolia. An appreciable increase in length was observed in the phloem and xylem ray cells when compared to the mother cells. Maximum elongation was observed in xylem fibers during differentiation from the respective fusiform initials.

scholarly journals Desenvolvimento e mudanças celulares na estrutura dos raios xilemáticos de Rollinia emarginata Schlecht. (Annonaceae)

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar Botosso
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Fusiform Initials ◽  
Cellular Transformations ◽  
Ray Initials

Through microscopical observations in serial tangential sctions from cambium to pith the development and the most significant cellular changes in the structure of rays of Rollinia emarginata Schlecht. (Annonaceae) were observed. The ray characteristics of the outermost layer of secondary xylem are described and the major changes in the ray structure in different stages of secondary develooment are considered. The cellular changes observed are extremely variable, occurring isolated or in complex combinations. The most significant cellular changes observed during ray development are the following: origin of ray initials from fusiform initials or from cambial ray initials; changes resulting from the intrusive growth of fusiform initials through a group of ray initials and the loss of ray initials from the cambium. From these cellular transformations the most important changes in the origin of secondary rays, increase in height and width and reduction in the height of multisseriate rays are considered.

Effect of cambial dormancy state on the transport of [1-14C]indol-3-ylacetic acid in Abies balsamea shoots

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 342-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Cambial Activity ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Ylacetic Acid ◽  
Exogenous Iaa

Dormant attached or detached shoots of balsam fir were naturally or artificially chilled to induce different states along the rest–quiescence continuum. At the end of the chilling pretreatment, the shoots either were left intact or were debudded and treated with indol-3-ylacetic acid (IAA). The shoots were placed under controlled-environment conditions favorable for growth, and at intervals thereafter, a pulse of [1-14C]IAA was applied to the shoot apex. Measured at the end of the chilling pretreatment, [14C]IAA velocity and flux decreased with increasing duration of chilling (i.e., as rest graded into quiescence). The time required to commence cambial growth and to attain maximum rates of cambial activity and [14C]IAA transport also decreased as rest changed to quiescence. Transport in actively growing shoots exceeded that in quiescent shoots, but was similar to that in resting shoots. The [14C]IAA pulse moved basipetally as unchanged IAA, was blocked by a bark + cambium girdle, and was inhibited by abscisic acid and long-term application of exogenous IAA. The results indicate that: (1) the long-distance, cambium-located, IAA transport system demonstrated in dicotyledonous species also operates in conifers, (2) during the dormant period changes occur in [14C]IAA transport and in the cambial response to exogenous IAA, (3) the change in [14C]IAA transport is the result of change in the transporting capability of cells in the cambial zone, and (4) the change in [14C]IAA transport is not the cause of the differential response of quiescent and resting cambia to exogenous IAA.

Cyclical cell length changes in wood in relation to storied structure and interlocked grain

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 787-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Krawczyszyn ◽  
J. A. Romberger
Keyword(s):  
Cell Length ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Intrusive Growth ◽  
Initial Cell ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Nyssa Sylvatica ◽  
Interlocked Grain ◽  
Xylem Fibers ◽  
Fusiform Initial

Interlocked grain can result from migration of a succession of left (S) and right (Z) orientational domains along the cambium. This grain pattern occurs both in species having nonstoried and those having storied cambium. In storied cambia, storey height being fixed, geometry requires that cambial fusiform initial cells undergo cyclical length changes in phase with cyclical inclination changes, e.g., a 4% length increase for a 16° inclination. We can expect the length changes to be detectable in wood if vessel member length reflects fusiform initial cell length and if the absolute amount of intrusive growth during differentiation of fibers is nearly invariant. Measurements of cells from maximum S, maximum Z, and axially aligned grain (I) sites along a radius in Entandrophragma cyclindricum and E. utile wood (storied) revealed clearly cyclical length changes in vessel members, parenchyma strands, and xylem fibers. Measurements in Nyssa sylvatica and Platanus acerifolia (nonstoried) revealed no such changes. Hence in species having storied cambium, cyclical changes in length of wood cells can accompany the slow endogenous rhythm manifested by interlocked grain. This is true because intrusive growth in these species, though extensive, does not obi iterate effects of small differences in cambial initial cell length.

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