:
With the development of integrated circuits and microelectronics, integrated and
miniaturized implantable medical devices are increasingly used in modern medical technologies, e.g.,
cardiac pacemakers, vasodilators, and cochlear implants. However, the normal operation of these
devices is inseparable from the availability of a sufficient energy supply and the bidirectional
transmission of internal and external signals. Due to the limitation of the working environment of
sensors, there is only a small space for most implanted electronic devices, which is a challenge faced
by existing technology. In this paper, current wireless implantable energy supply and communication
technologies are reviewed to determine the best available technologies, thereby providing a reference
for method selection in designing implantable medical systems.
A simulink hybrid heart model for quantitative verification of cardiac pacemakers