Cerebral-evoked potential responses following direct vagal and esophageal electrical stimulation in humans

Cerebral evoked responses following direct electrical stimulation of the vagus and esophagus were compared in 8 epileptic subjects and with those recorded after esophageal stimulation in 12 healthy nonepileptic controls. Direct vagal stimulation was performed using a left cervical vagal pacemaker, which is used in the treatment of epilepsy. Esophageal stimulation was obtained with the use of an esophageal assembly incorporating two electrodes positioned 5 and 20 cm orad to the lower esophageal sphincter. Evoked potential responses were recorded with the use of 20 scalp electrodes. The evoked potential responses consisted of three distinct negative peaks and were similar with the use of either vagal or esophageal stimulation. The measured conduction velocity of the afferent response was 7.5 m/s in epileptic subjects and 10 m/s in healthy controls, suggesting that afferent conduction is through A delta-fibers rather than slower C afferent fibers. We conclude that the cortical-evoked potential responses following esophageal electrical stimulation are comparable to direct electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and involve mostly A delta-fibers. This approach provides a method for the assessment of vagal afferent gastrointestinal sensory pathways in health and disease.

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Variation in the Proportions of Individual Pepsins Secreted by the Cat in Response to Vagal Stimulation and Hypoglycaemia

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0480297 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 297-305

Author(s):

Christine L. Wright ◽

B. Shaw ◽

D. J. Sanders ◽

J. D. Reed

Keyword(s):

Peptic Ulcer ◽

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Small Proportion ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Vagal Stimulation ◽

Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽

Pepsin Secretion ◽

Agar Gel ◽

Agar Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Stimulation Of

1. Gastric juice was collected at regular intervals during electrical stimulation of the vagus in anaesthetized cats and during insulin hypoglycaemia in both anaesthetized and conscious cats. The total amounts of acid and pepsin secreted were similar in the three groups. 2. Pepsins were examined by agar-gel electrophoresis. Resting juice contained two pepsins, and up to nine pepsins could be detected after stimulation. Three patterns of pepsin secretion were found. 3. The most noticeable feature was the variation in the proportion of total pepsin attributable to the pepsin which migrated most rapidly during electrophoresis (pepsin 1). In response to insulin hypoglycaemia, anaesthetized cats secreted only a small proportion of total pepsin as pepsin 1 and conscious cats secreted a large proportion as pepsin 1. During direct electrical stimulation of the vagus, the proportion of pepsin 1 rose. 4. The possibility of a dependence of pepsin 1 secretion on vagal stimulation is discussed and the relevance of this to peptic ulcer and to vagotomy is considered.

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Direct electrical stimulation of rat soleus during denervation-reinnervation

Experimental Neurology ◽

10.1016/0014-4886(82)90027-9 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 589-599 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

M.Mazher Jaweed ◽

Gerald J. Herbison ◽

John F. Ditunno

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽

Stimulation Of

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Intraoperative monitoring for tethered cord surgery: an update

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/foc.2004.16.2.1 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. E8 ◽

Cited By ~ 71

Author(s):

Karl F. Kothbauer ◽

Klaus Novak

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Anal Sphincter ◽

External Anal Sphincter ◽

Continuous Monitoring ◽

Pudendal Nerve ◽

Tethered Cord ◽

Sensory Pathways ◽

Functional Integrity ◽

Muscle Responses ◽

Stimulation Of

Object Intraoperative neurophysiological recording techniques have found increasing use in neurosurgical practice. The development of new recording techniques feasible while the patient receives a general anesthetic have improved their practical use in a similar way to the use of digital recording, documentation, and video technology. This review intends to provide an update on the techniques used and their validity. Methods Two principal methods are used for intraoperative neurophysiological testing during tethered cord release. Mapping identifies functional neural structures, namely nerve roots, and monitoring provides continuous information on the functional integrity of motor and sensory pathways as well as reflex circuitry. Mapping is performed mostly by using direct electrical stimulation of a structure within the surgical field and recording at a distant site, usually a muscle. Sensory mapping can also be performed with peripheral stimulation and recording within the surgical site. Monitoring of the motor system is achieved with motor evoked potentials. These are evoked by transcranial electrical stimulation and recorded from limb muscles and the external anal sphincter. The presence or absence of muscle responses are the parameters monitored. Sensory potentials evoked by tibial or pudendal nerve stimulation and recorded from the dorsal columns via an epidurally inserted electrode and/or from the scalp as cortical responses are used to access the integrity of sensory pathways. Amplitudes and latencies of these responses are then interpreted. The bulbocavernosus reflex, with stimulation of the pudendal nerve and recording of muscle responses in the external anal sphincter, is used for continuous monitoring of the reflex circuitry. Presence or absence of this response is the pertinent parameter that is monitored. Conclusions Intraoperative neurophysiology provides a wide and reliable set of techniques for intraoperative identification of neural structures and continuous monitoring of their functional integrity.

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Direct electrical stimulation of the optic radiation in patients with covered eyes

Neurosurgical Review ◽

10.1007/s10143-014-0535-9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 527-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrej Šteňo ◽

Vladimír Hollý ◽

Martin Fabian ◽

Matúš Kuniak ◽

Gabriela Timárová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Direct Electrical Stimulation ◽

Optic Radiation ◽

Stimulation Of

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Short-term electrical stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter increases sphincter pressure in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Neurogastroenterology & Motility ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01878.x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 24 (5) ◽

pp. 446-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

L. Rodríguez ◽

P. Rodríguez ◽

M. G. Neto ◽

J. C. Ayala ◽

J. Saba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Sphincter Pressure ◽

Short Term ◽

Esophageal Sphincter ◽

Stimulation Of

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Cardiorespiratory effects determined by electrical stimulation of afferent fibers from skeletal muscles and nociceptive afferents of the dental pulp

Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System ◽

10.1016/0165-1838(93)90283-z ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

pp. 104-105

Author(s):

G. Raimondi ◽

J.M. Legramante ◽

G. Frisardi ◽

S. Cassarino ◽

F. Iellamo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Dental Pulp ◽

Skeletal Muscles ◽

Afferent Fibers ◽

Nociceptive Afferents ◽

Stimulation Of

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Regarding “Two-year results of intermittent electrical stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease”

Surgery ◽

10.1016/j.surg.2015.03.011 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 158 (5) ◽

pp. 1448 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tom R. DeMeester

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ◽

Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽

Lower Esophageal Sphincter ◽

Reflux Disease ◽

Esophageal Sphincter ◽

Stimulation Of

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Activation of thalamic ventroposteriolateral neurons by phrenic nerve afferents in cats and rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 94 (1) ◽

pp. 220-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Weirong Zhang ◽

Paul W. Davenport

Keyword(s):

Electrical Stimulation ◽

Somatosensory Cortex ◽

Phrenic Nerve ◽

Proprioceptive Information ◽

Neural Responses ◽

Afferent Stimulation ◽

Physiological Conditions ◽

Sensory Pathways ◽

Increased Activity ◽

Stimulation Of

It has been demonstrated that phrenic nerve afferents project to somatosensory cortex, yet the sensory pathways are still poorly understood. This study investigated the neural responses in the thalamic ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus after phrenic afferent stimulation in cats and rats. Activation of VPL neurons was observed after electrical stimulation of the contralateral phrenic nerve. Direct mechanical stimulation of the diaphragm also elicited increased activity in the same VPL neurons that were activated by electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Some VPL neurons responded to both phrenic afferent stimulation and shoulder probing. In rats, VPL neurons activated by inspiratory occlusion also responded to stimulation on phrenic afferents. These results demonstrate that phrenic afferents can reach the VPL thalamus under physiological conditions and support the hypothesis that the thalamic VPL nucleus functions as a relay for the conduction of proprioceptive information from the diaphragm to the contralateral somatosensory cortex.

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