scholarly journals Significance of Hyperreflective Foci as an Optical Coherence Tomography Biomarker in Retinal Diseases: Characterization and Clinical Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Serena Fragiotta ◽  
Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh ◽  
Rosa Dolz-Marco ◽  
Yoichi Sakurada ◽  
Orly Gal-Or ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Macular Edema ◽  
Diabetic Macular Edema ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Retinal Diseases ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Hyperreflective Foci ◽  
Age Related

Hyperreflective foci (HRF) is a term coined to depict hyperreflective dots or roundish lesions within retinal layers visualized through optical coherence tomography (OCT). Histopathological correlates of HRF are not univocal, spacing from migrating retinal pigment epithelium cells, lipid-laden macrophages, microglial cells, and extravasated proteinaceous or lipid material. Despite this, HRF can be considered OCT biomarkers for disease progression, treatment response, and prognosis in several retinal diseases, including diabetic macular edema, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal vascular occlusions, and inherited retinal dystrophies. The structural features and topographic location of HRF guide the interpretation of their significance in different pathological conditions. The presence of HRF less than 30 μm with reflectivity comparable to the retinal nerve fiber layer in the absence of posterior shadowing in diabetic macular edema indicates an inflammatory phenotype with a better response to steroidal treatment. In AMD, HRF overlying drusen are associated with the development of macular neovascularization, while parafoveal drusen and HRF predispose to macular atrophy. Thus, HRF can be considered a key biomarker in several common retinal diseases. Their recognition and critical interpretation via multimodal imaging are vital to support clinical strategies and management.

Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy; Findings, Diagnosis, and Treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 112-117
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pachychoroid Neovasculopathy ◽  
Sign Type

Pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) is a novel clinical entity with typical pachychoroid features accompanied by type 1 choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Typical optical coherence tomography finding of the disease is flat irregular pigment epithelial detachments (double layer sign). Type 1 CNV between retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch membrane is seen as a tangled network on optical coherence tomography angiography. Differential diagnosis of PNV from neovascular age-related macular degeneration is especially important because of the different epidemiological, genetic, and therapeutic features of these diseases. Current treatment approaches include intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections and photodynamic therapy.

Choroidal cleft simulating choroidal caverns in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 471-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Pece ◽  
Enrico Borrelli ◽  
Riccardo Sacconi ◽  
Giulio Maione ◽  
Francesco Bandello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Macular Degeneration ◽  
Female Patient ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Age Related

The authors report a case of a female patient affected by neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In particular, multiple sub-retinal hyperreflective infiltrates were found on optical coherence tomography. Optical coherence tomography examination of her right eye displayed the presence of sub-retinal pigment epithelium hyporeflective spaces located beneath a hyperreflective fibrotic neovascularization. This case highlights the importance of differentiating choroidal clefts from choroidal caverns.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation (RAP)

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 467-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Brancato ◽  
U. Introini ◽  
L. Pierro ◽  
M. Setaccioli ◽  
M. Forti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Serous Retinal Detachment ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Indocyanine Green Videoangiography ◽  
Age Related

Purpose To verify the utility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for diagnosing retinal angiomatous proliferations (RAP) in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods Multiple cross-sections were taken with OCT from 41 eyes of 39 consecutive patients with AMD and RAP. The presence and the location of the angiomatous complexes had already been documented by fluorescein angiography (FA) and high-speed confocal indocyanine green videoangiography (ICGA). Results RAP was detectable by OCT scans in all 41 eyes, appearing as a focal hyper-reflecting area in the neuroretinal layers; it was frequently located close to the inner surface of the retinal pigment epithelium (29 eyes [70.7%]). All eyes had either no or only a low-reflecting OCT signal surrounding the RAP, caused by serous intraretinal edema. Only 13 eyes (31.7%), however, had large serous retinal detachment (SRD). OCT detected pigment epithelium detachment in 31 eyes (75.6%), but none had underlying choroidal neovascularization. Conclusions OCT findings confirm the intraretinal localization of the RAP which are always associated with impressive exudative phenomena. OCT is therefore a useful diagnostic tool, adding information to FA and high-speed ICGA.

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