Incretin-Based Therapies for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes – DPP-4 Inhibitors and Incretin Mimetics

Author(s):  
Baptist Gallwitz
2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Stonehouse ◽  
Ted Okerson ◽  
David Kendall ◽  
David Maggs

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Shaffer

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (15) ◽  
pp. 2095-2105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony H Stonehouse ◽  
John H Holcombe ◽  
David M Kendall

Author(s):  
Т.П. Тучина ◽  
О.В. Рогоза ◽  
К.П. Скотникова ◽  
Д.А. Лебедев ◽  
Р.В. Грозов ◽  
...  

Группа препаратов, основанных на инкретиновых эффектах (аналоги глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 аГПП1) и ингибиторы дипептидилпептидазы-4, иДПП4), обладают способностью увеличивать репликацию β -клеток и ингибировать апоптоз. Инкретиномиметики способны влиять на функцию α-клеток, восстанавливая физиологическую регуляцию уровня глюкагона. При этом эффекты инкретиномиметиков на пролиферацию/апоптоз α-клеток изучены недостаточно. В единичных исследованиях отмечено увеличение пролиферации α-клеток, но факторы, определяющие выраженность этих изменений, не установлены. Цель - оценка влияния терапии инкретиномиметиками разной продолжительности на морфологические и функциональные особенности α- и β-клеток поджелудочной железы крыс (12 мес) с сахарным диабетом 2-го типа (СД 2-го типа). Методика. У крыс (возраст 12 мес), находящихся на высокожировой диете, моделировали стрептозотоцин-никотинамид-индуцированный СД 2-го типа. Животные получали инкретиномиметки: агонист рецепторов ГПП1 (лираглутид) или ингибитор ДПП4 (вилдаглиптин) в течение 4,10 и 24 нед. Макроскопически оценивали наличие/отсутствие видимых изменений поджелудочной железы. Парафиновые срезы поджелудочной железы окрашивали гематоксилином и эозином для оценки микроструктуры ткани. Проводили иммуногистохимическое (ИГХ) исследование с применением антител (Abcam) к глюкагону, инсулину в аппарате для ИГХ «Thermo Autostainer 720». После процедуры ИГХ ядра доокрашивали гематоксилином в аппарате для окраски гистологических микропрепаратов LeicaST5020. Результаты. Показано, что без лечения сахарный диабет приводил к снижению числа α- и β- клеток на всех сроках наблюдения. Лечение диабета лираглутидом и вилдаглиптином приводило к восстановлению пула как α-, так и β- клеток. При сравнении групп, получавших терапию и без терапии, с группой контроля значимые отличия сохранялись по количеству как α-, так и β-клеток во все сроки наблюдения. Через 4 нед в группах, получавших лираглутид, количество α-клеток стало сопоставимым с таковым в группе контроля, но количество β-клеток оставалось сниженным. После 10 и 24 нед терапии статистически значимой разницы между группой контроля и животными, получавшими терапию лиралутидом, по количеству как β-, так и α- клеток не выявлено. Заключение. Полученные данные свидетельствуют в пользу того, что терапия инкретиномиметиками способствует восстановлению пула как α-, так и β-клеток поджелудочной железы. Drugs based on incretin effects, including analogs of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4), increase replication and inhibit apoptosis of β-cells. Incretin mimetics can influence the function of α-cells thereby restoring physiological regulation of glucagon. However, effects of incretin mimetics on proliferation and apoptosis of α-cells are understudied. A few studies reported increased α-cell proliferation, but the factors determining the degree of these changes were not established. Aim. To evaluate the effect of incretin mimetic treatment of different duration on morphological and functional features of pancreatic α- and β-cells of 12-month-old rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method. Streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus was modeled in 12-month-old rats receiving a high-fat diet. The rats were treated with incretin mimetics, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist (Liraglutide) or a DPP-4 inhibitor (Vildagliptin) for 4, 10 or 24 weeks. Paraffin sections of the pancreas were stained with hematoxylin-eosin to evaluate the tissue microstructure. An immunohistochemical (IHC) study was performed using glucagon and insulin antibodies (Abcam) with a Thermo Autostainer 720 IHC instrument. After the IHC procedure, nuclei were additionally stained with hematoxylin using a Leica ST5020 stainer for histological micropreparations. Results. Untreated diabetes mellitus resulted in decreased numbers of α- and β-cells at all timepoints of observation. The treatments with Liraglutide and Vildagliptin recovered the pools of α- and β-cells. Significant differences of both treated and untreated diabetic groups from the control group in the number of α- and β-cells remained at all timepoints of observation. In the Liraglutide group at 4 weeks, the number of α-cells became comparable with the control group, but the number of β-cells remained lower. At 10 and 24 weeks of treatment, statistically significant differences between the control group and the Liraglutide or Vildagliptin treatment groups in the number of α- and β-cells were not observed. Conclusion. The results of the study suggested that the incretin mimetic therapy provided recovery of both α and β-cell pools in the pancreas.


2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Oganesovna Galstyan ◽  
Liudmila Viktorovna Nedosugova ◽  
Nina Alexandrovna Petunina ◽  
Julia Alexandrovna Trakhtenberg ◽  
Natalia Vadimovna Vostokova ◽  
...  

Introduction.In the early 2000s, in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment, a fundamentally new class of drugs appeared—the incretin mimetics. The use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors allowed the safety of the T2DM therapy to be increased by reducing several parameters, including hypoglycaemia incidences, risks of cardiovascular complications and weight gain. Market approval of a new Russian drug in this group will ensure modern, efficient and affordable care for our patients.Aim.To study the efficacy and safety of a new DPP-4 inhibitor (gosogliptin) in comparison with that of vildagliptin as monotherapy as well as in combination with metformin in patients with T2DM who were not previously treated with drug therapy.Materials and methods.The study SRX-1374-02 involved 299 patients. In total, 149 patients were randomised to the gosogliptin group and 150 were randomised to the vildagliptin group. The groups were comparable with respect to baseline characteristics. In the first 12-week stage, patients received treatment with one of the study drugs as monotherapy. The decision was then made whether to continue the monotherapy regimen or to add metformin during the next 24 weeks. Dose titration of the study drugs and the addition of metformin were performed on the basis of glycaemia levels. The total treatment duration was 36 weeks.Results.After 12 weeks of monotherapy, НbА1с levels significantly decreased by -0.93% and -1.03% in the gosogliptin and vildagliptin groups, respectively. After the administration of combination therapy the decrease in НbА1с continued and was -1.29% in the gosogliptin + metformin group and -1.35% in the vildagliptin + metformin group when compared with baseline values. The difference in НbА1с reduction between the groups during both treatment periods was ≤0.1% (upper level of CI 0.4%), which led to the conclusion about the superior efficacy of gosogliptin over that of vildagliptin as monotherapy and in combination with metformin. By the end of the 36-week treatment period, НbА1с reached the target level of ≤7.0% in 56.4% and 55.4% of patients in the gosogliptin and vildagliptin groups, respectively (statistically significant differences between treatment groups were not found, p = 0.74).Conclusion.The results showed that gosogliptin is an effective hypoglycaemic agent from the group of DPP-4 inhibitors and can be recommended for use in patients with T2DM both as monotherapy and in combination with metformin.


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