An unusual case of affiliative association of a female Lemur catta in a Hapalemur meridionalis social group

Polyspecific associations are well documented, but have rarely been observed in strepsirrhines. In this study we present a unique affiliative association between a female ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) and a group of southern bamboo lemurs (Hapalemur meridionalis) in south-east Madagascar. Our main research focused onH. meridionalis; however, due to the presence of theL. cattawe treated her as a group member, including her in the focal sampling ofHapalemursocial behaviour. We also recorded ad libitum data on all food species/items and any unique events or occurrences. Among observations, both species appeared to have a mutual understanding of vocalisations, behavioural synchronisation, dietary overlap, and possible service exchange, e.g., grooming. We also observed theL. cattaoccasionally attending to the bamboo lemur infant. This included grooming, baby-sitting, and even transporting the infant. The behavioural flexibility exhibited by both species has allowed the successful integration of the female ring-tailed lemur.

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Assesment of Trends in the Share of Expenditure on Services and Food in the Visegrad Group Member States

International Journal of Business and Society ◽

10.33736/ijbs.3306.2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 977-996

Author(s):

Mateusz Jankiewicz ◽

Michał Bernard Pietrzak

Keyword(s):

Household Consumption ◽

Estimation Of Parameters ◽

Limit Values ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Main Research ◽

Current Trends ◽

Systematic Improvement ◽

Food Expenditure ◽

Group Member ◽

Visegrad Group

The subject of the article concerns changes in the structure of consumption in the Visegrad countries in the years 1996-2016. The focused was on expenditure on services and food expenditure of households in the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. The systematic improvement of the socio-economic situation and institutional changes in the Visegrad Group countries resulted in an increase in expenditure on services and food. This contributed to changes in the structure of household consumption, where the share of expenditure on services in final expenditure increased in the examined period in each of the countries studied, and the share of expenditure on food systematically decreased. The main research objective of the article is to identify trends in the share of household expenditure on selected types of goods in their final expenditure. The different trends in the shaping of expenditure shares for goods considered in the article result from their different nature, where services are a higher order good, while food is a good satisfying basic existential needs of man. The study also attempted to determine the limit values of the share of expenditure on services and the share of expenditure on food in the structure of household consumption in selected countries. The limit values were determined for both types of goods on the basis of estimation of parameters of the Tӧrnquist function of the first type. The limit values established in the study should be treated as the saturation level for the share of goods that the countries are able to achieve with the current trends in their socio-economic development.

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